Figure 2.

Simulation studies representing contribution of joule heating effects on various electrode shapes. (a) Triangular-shaped electrode generates fewer thermal gradients while maintaining reliable separation. The legend graph shows, temperature is around 310 K at the applied potential of 10 V. The insets are magnified views of electrode geometries showing the dimensions of the electrodes. (b) With same potential (10 V), semi-circular shape electrodes generate strong electric field leading to high temperature distribution inside the channel (around 322 K). (c) The square shaped electrode generates electric field more than semi-circular geometry (above 327 K). (d) Rectangular shaped electrode geometry produces even more electric field than square electrode (330 K) at 10 V. (e) The comparison plots reveal that triangular electrodes remain attractive even if applied potential is varied between 5 and 15 V, to keep the survival time of cells within threshold as compared to other electrode geometry, however increasing voltage beyond 15 V produces high joule heating (temperature beyond 400 K damages cell).