Table 3.
The effects of sage’s essential oils on liver functions in the AAP-induced liver toxicity in rats as compared with the control and silymarin groups.
| Test | AST IU/L |
ALT IU/L |
ALP IU/L |
Total Protein gm/dL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | 93.32 ± 41.39 | 28.82 ± 2.731 | 111.3 ± 11.11 | 7.903 ± 0.28 |
| AAP group | 202.6 ± 36.60 a | 59.56 ± 21.55 a | 260.5 ± 40.72 a | 4.133 ± 0.195 a |
| AAP + FH | 132.2 ± 14.95 b | 46.55 ± 17.25 b | 103.0 ± 4.29 b | 8.597 ± 0.22 b |
| AAP + 1WDH | 123.9 ± 6.671 b | 25.89 ± 18.27 b | 138.2 ± 15.32 b | 8.670 ± 0.81 b |
| AAP + 2WDH | 122.4 ± 15.13 b | 23.75 ± 3.064 b | 144.6 ± 19.29 b | 8.810 ± 0.61 b |
| AAP + 3WDH | 139.2 ± 31.64 b | 25.89 ± 3.397 b | 102.0 ± 1.08 b | 9.210 ± 0.20 b,c |
| AAP + 4WDH | 141.9 ± 18.35 b | 20.40 ± 5.143 b,d | 114.4 ± 8.46 b | 9.035 ± 0.25 b,c |
| AAP + silymarin | 132.4 ± 23.30 b | 36.10 ± 9.336 b | 118.7 ± 9.90 b | 7.910 ± 0.25 b |
| p-value | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** |
AAP, acetaminophen (paracetamol); FH, essential oil obtained from a fresh sample of sage; 1WDH, 2WDH, 3WDH, and 4WDH referred to the essential oil obtained from sage herb sample dried for one week, two weeks, three weeks, and four weeks, respectively. The results are expressed as mean ± SD; a = Significant difference, compared to controls, b = Significant difference compared to AAP group, c = Significant difference compared to silymarin group, d = Significant difference compared to fresh extract of sage, p-value is significant if it ≤ 0.05. ** is indicated for p-value < 0.001.