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. 2021 Sep 23;26(19):5757. doi: 10.3390/molecules26195757

Table 4.

The prophylactic effect of sage essential oil on blood cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine in acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity in rats as compared with the control and silymarin groups.

Test (Unit/L) Cholesterol
mg/dL
Triglycerides
mg/dL
Urea
mg/dL
Creatinine
mg/dL
Control group 86.87 ± 10.37 137.4 ± 2.117 34.28 ± 8.15 0.62 ± 0.33
AAP group 119.3 ± 37.25 a 160.1 ± 18.81 a 52.28 ± 6.61 a 1.43 ± 0.39 a
AAP + FH 73.20 ± 8.39 b 130.3 ± 2.20 b 23.23 ± 17.57 b 0.92 ± 0.06 b
AAP + 1WDH 84.66 ± 6.99 b 141.8 ± 7.91 b 42.66 ± 20.69 0.76 ± 0.21 b
AAP + 2WDH 85.89 ± 10.45 b 162.0 ± 1.69 47.75 ± 5.383 0.54 ± 0.37 b
AAP + 3WDH 84.10 ± 14.47 b 137.1 ± 7.12 b 41.29 ± 12.38 0.86 ± 0.16 b
AAP + 4WDH 79.13 ± 11.53 b 138.3 ± 7.42 b 39.46 ± 11.00 0.91 ± 0.08 b
AAP + silymarin 75.45 ± 6.54 b 152.0 ± 19.56 b 46.13 ± 19.91 0.89 ± 0.09 b
p-value 0.001 *** 0.001*** 0.01 ** 0.001 ***

AAP, acetaminophen (paracetamol); FH, essential oil obtained from a fresh sample of sage; 1WDH, 2WDH, 3WDH, and 4WDH referred to the essential oil obtained from sage herb sample dried for one week, two weeks, three weeks, and four weeks, respectively. The results are expressed as mean ± SD, a = Significant difference compared to control group, b = Significant difference compared to AAP group. ** and *** are indicated for p-value < 0.01 and p-value < 0.001, respectively.