Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the PICOS model

	Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Population	An older cohort. An older person can be defined as one whose chronological age is 60 years or above, or 65 years or above.24 In this review, we used 60 years as a more conservative threshold.
Interventions	Any mHealth applications with any mobile devices, such as mobile phones and tablets. We excluded health-related interventions that only used mobile devices (eg, short messages), wearables, and smart home devices without mobile apps.
Comparisons	No specific comparisons were excluded.
Outcomes	Studies were excluded if they only described the design and development of mHealth applications without testing them using an elderly cohort.
Study designs	We restricted our search to English-written, peer-reviewed journal articles and excluded conference abstracts, non-human studies, theoretical articles, reviews, commentaries, editorials, proposal papers, and protocol papers.