Date	Event	Description
7 October 2021	New citation required and conclusions have changed	This review is the second update of the previously published Cochrane reviews (Bradt 2011; Bradt 2016), The prior update (Bradt 2016) included 52 studies. This second update includes 29 new trials. In total, the evidence rests on 81 trials with a total of 5592 participants. In this update, we separated clinical trials with adults from those with pediatric patients in the meta‐analyses. Because few trials with pediatric patients were available, we could not yet draw conclusions about the impact of music interventions on pediatric patients. Our conclusions about the impact of music interventions on state anxiety, depression, pain, and quality of life in adults with cancer remain similar to those in Bradt 2016 but with the addition of new trials, the estimate is more precise. For fatigue, the pooled effect was slightly lower but the precision of the estimate greatly improved compared to Bradt 2016. The conclusions for physical functioning remained the same. No new studies were added to the meta‐analysis for mood. The conclusions remain unchanged. This review included hope as a new outcome. The pooled effect of two studies suggested that music may improve hope in adults with cancer. The conclusions for the effects of music interventions on vital signs remained similar to those of the previous review. Because of the addition of many trials in this update, we were able to conduct a priori determined subanalyses comparing music therapy with music medicine studies and comparing patient‐preferred music with researcher‐selected music for more outcomes.
7 October 2021	New search has been performed	In the previous version of this review (Bradt 2016), we searched the databases until January 2016. In this updated version, we reran the searches until April 2020.
29 April 2016	New citation required and conclusions have changed	This review is an update of the previous Cochrane review that included 30 studies (Bradt 2011). This updated review includes 22 new trials. One of the previous authors, Dr Denise Grocke, decided not to participate in the update of this review, and we added a new co‐author, Aaron Teague. Our conclusions about the impact of music interventions on state anxiety in people with cancer remain similar to those in Bradt 2011. Although the pooled effect of the studies that used the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was slightly lower than in the previous review, the addition of trials examining this outcome resulted in a more precise estimate. The pooled effect of studies that used measurement tools other than the STAI was higher than in the previous review. The conclusions for the effect of music interventions on depression changed. Whereas the previous review did not find support for an effect, this review update found a moderate effect for depression. We also found a similar effect size (moderate) as the previous review for mood, but the pooled effect was no longer statistically significant in this update. The conclusions for the effect of music interventions on pain changed. Whereas the previous review reported a moderate effect, this review update found a large effect for pain. The conclusions for the effect of music interventions on fatigue also changed. Whereas the previous review did not find evidence of an effect, this review update found a small to moderate effect for music interventions on fatigue. The conclusions for physical functioning remained the same. The conclusion for the effect of music interventions on quality of life remained similar, that is, there was a large pooled effect size that was not statistically significant. However, a subgroup analysis revealed that music therapy interventions resulted in a moderate and statistically significant effect that was consistent across trials, whereas music medicine studies resulted in a large but heterogeneous effect size that was not statistically significant. The conclusions for the effects of music interventions on vital signs remained similar to those of the previous review. This review update included additional outcomes such as resilience, coping, and anesthetic and analgesic intake, but no meta‐analysis was possible because we only identified one study per outcome. Because of the addition of many trials in this update, we were able to conduct a priori determined sub‐analyses comparing music therapy with music medicine studies and comparing patient‐preferred music with researcher‐selected music for several of the outcomes.
29 April 2016	New search has been performed	In the previous version of this review, we searched the databases until September 2010 (Bradt 2011). In this updated version we reran the searches until January 2016. We also extended our handsearching to include two additional journals, namely Music Medicine and Approaches. In this updated review we have revised the 'Risk of bias' tables for all studies according to the new Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool.
15 July 2011	Amended	Label revision in forest plot of 'distress' outcome.
24 June 2008	Amended	Converted to new review format.