Figure 3.

New immunotherapies for tolerance reconstitution in AIH. Strategies that might be considered as tools to re-establish immunotolerance in AIH include: adoptive transfer of Tregs, polyclonally expanded in vitro in the presence of high dose IL-2 and CD3/CD28 T-cell activator or generated under antigen-specific conditions upon co-culture with semi-mature dendritic cells; modulation of the cytokine milieu by administration of low dose IL-2 or monoclonal antibody/IL-2 complex; use of Erα or HIF-1α antagonists to interfere with aberrant AhR signaling in Tregs (Erα) and Th17-cells (HIF-1α); boosting of purinergic signaling through the use of exogenous apyrase, APT102, an ADPase that was found to enhance the beneficial effects of AhR activation in vivo and in vitro, and A2A adenosine receptor agonists to amplify the immunosuppressive properties of adenosine.