TABLE 2.

Overview of protection by trained immunity in murine models described for secondary bacterial infections^a

Bacterium	Route of administration of bacteria	Murine model	Training agent	Time between last dose of training agent and bacterial challenge	Survival	Bacterial titers	Histopathological changes	Expt repeated	Notes	Reference
Staphylococcus aureus	i.v.	129 Sv mice	β-glucan i.v.	4 days	↑			+		54
	i.v.	AKR/J mice	β-glucan i.v.	4 days	↑		↓ renal necrosis	−		55
	i.v.	C57BL/6J mice	Zymosan i.p.	3 days	↑	↓ in blood		−		58
	i.v.	CD2F1 mice	PCA-2 yeast cells i.v.	2 wks	↑			−		56
	i.v.	CDF1 mice	BCG i.p.	2 wks	↑			−		57
	Bacteria-laden K wire in a bone	C57BL/6 mice	Zymosan i.v.	2 wks		↓ in joint		−	Similar results with LPS i.v. as training agent and/or when challenged with i.v. S. aureus	65
	s.c. in both flanks	Rag1−/− mice in BALB/c background	S. aureus s.c. in right flank	6 wks		↓ in skin	↓ size of abscesses	−		68
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	i.n.	BALB/c mice	β-glucan i.p.	4 days	↑	↓ in lung		−		60
Listeria monocytogenes	i.v.	C57BL/6J mice	Zymosan i.p.	3 days	↑	↓ in blood, spleen, liver, and kidney		+		58
								+		61
	i.p.	C57BL/6J mice	γHV68 i.n.	4 wks	↑	↓ in spleen and liver		+		61
Yersinia pestis	i.n.	C57BL/6J mice	γHV68 i.n.	4 wks		↓ in spleen and lungs		+		61
Streptococcus pneumoniae	i.n.	C57BL/6J mice	MTBVAC s.c.	9 wks	↑	↓ in blood		+		62
	i.t.	BALB/c mice	Respiratory adenovirus infection i.n.	4 wks	↑	↓ in lungs and spleen		+		63
Escherichia coli	Bacteria-laden suture in muscle	Swiss Webster mice	BCG s.c.	13 days		↓ at site of challenge		+		66
	Bacteria-laden K wire in a bone	C57BL/6 mice	Zymosan i.v.	2 wks		↓ in joint		−	Similar results with LPS i.v. as training agent and/or when challenged with i.v. E. coli	65
	i.p.	C57BL/6J mice	Zymosan i.p.	3 days	↑			−		58
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	i.n.	C57BL/6J mice	Zymosan i.p.	3 days	↑			−		58
	Bacteria-laden K wire in a bone	C57BL/6 mice	Zymosan i.v.	2 wks		↓ in joint		−	Similar results with LPS i.v. as training agent and/or when challenged with i.v. P. aeruginosa	65
Streptococcus pyogenes	Bacteria-laden K wire in a bone	C57BL/6 mice	Zymosan i.v.	2 wks		↓ in joint		−	Similar results with LPS i.v. as training agent and/or when challenged with i.v. S. pyogenes	65
Enterococcus faecalis	Bacteria-laden K wire in a bone	C57BL/6 mice	Zymosan i.v.	2 wks		↓ in joint		−	Similar results with LPS i.v. as training agent and/or when challenged with i.v. E. faecalis	65
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Bacteria-laden suture in muscle	Swiss Webster mice	MDP s.c.	1 day		↓ in blood		−		64

^aBCG, bacillus Calmette-Guérin; CpG ODN, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides expressing CpG motif; i.t., intratracheally; i.n., intranasally; i.p., intraperitoneally; i.v., intravenously; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MDP, muramyl dipeptide; s.c., subcutaneously; ↑, significantly increased; ↓, significantly decreased; −, not mentioned; +, performed in study.