Table 2.

Estimates of phylogenetic signal in contact angle (θc) and spreadability (Δθc) in all birds. Phylogenetic signal was analysed separately for residual response variables. The p-value tests the null hypothesis for both no phylogenetic signal (λ = 0) and a Brownian motion model (λ = 1) of evolution.

response variable	Pagel's λ	log likelihood	log likelihood for λ = 0	log likelihood for λ = 1	p for λ = 0	p for λ = 1
contact angle	0.08	−1710.13	−1710.79	−1894.91	0.25	<0.001
residual contact angle	0.07	−1691.50	−1695.46	−1889.88	<0.01	<0.001
spreadability	0.68	−1611.08	−1668.05	−1762.51	<0.001	<0.001
residual spreadability	0.64	−1611.04	−1654.79	−1762.69	<0.001	<0.001