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. 2021 Oct 5;2021:5093216. doi: 10.1155/2021/5093216

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Copyright © 2021 Yueming Ding et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

The mechanism of LA attenuating I/R injuries in the brain, spine, heart, liver, kidney, intestine, gonad, retina, and limb. Akt: protein kinase B; ALDH2: aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; CNTF: ciliary neurotrophic factor; ET: endothelin; GDNF: glial-derived neurotrophic factor; GFAP: reducing levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; LA: lipoic acid; MIP-2: macrophage inflammatory protein-2; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKC: protein kinase C; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.