Table 2.

The effects of LA on renal I/R injury.

Species	I/R models	Treatments	Effects and mechanisms	Ref
Albino rats	Both renal I/R (1 h/2 h)	LA (100 mg/kg, i.p) at 2 days before I/R	Attenuating histopathological injury via reducing oxidative damage	[62]
Wistar albino rats	Right nephrectomy and left renal I/R (45 min/24 h)	LA (100 mg/kg, i.p) or saline twice, at 30 min before ischemia	Inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and inflammation generation, balancing the oxidant-antioxidant status	[63]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Bilateral renal I/R (45 min/24 h)	Pretreatment with LA (50 mg/kg i.p) for 2 weeks	Decreasing levels of creatinine and urea together with oxidative stress and inflammation; elevating GSH levels and activities of antioxidant enzymes	[64]
Albino Wistar rats	Right nephrectomy and the left renal I/R (1 h/24 h)	LA (100 mg/kg, i.p) 30 min before I/R	Reducing degradation of extracellular matrix and oxidative stress via increasing matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 activities and decreasing metalloproteinases-1 and -2 levels	[65]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Bilateral renal I/R (40 min/2 d)	LA (80 mg/kg i.p) at 48 and 24 h before ischemia and at 6 and 24 h after reperfusion	Protecting renal function (e.g., aquaporins and sodium transporters) via normalizing activities of local arginine vasopressin/cAMP, nitric oxide/cGMP, and ET systems	[66]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Right nephrectomy and left renal I/R (45 min/24 h)	LA (10 or 100 mg/kg, i.p) at 24 and 1 h before ischemia	Attenuating the deterioration of renal function; repressing tubular necrosis, proteinaceous casts in tubuli, and medullary congestion through suppressing ET-1	[67]