Table 3.

The effects of LA on hepatic I/R injury.

Subjects	I/R	Treatments	Effects and mechanisms	Ref
Human	Hepatic I/R (2 h/2 h); blood samples (before; 1, 2, 3, 7, and 30 d after liver transplantation)	LA (600 mg) to the donor portal vein before ischemia and another LA (600 mg) at 15 min before reperfusion	Protecting against oxidative stress and reducing the appearance of postreperfusion syndrome	[74]
Human	Hepatic I/R (45 min /60 min) in resection	LA (600 mg, i.v) at 15 min before transection	Reducing I/R injury via attenuating apoptosis	[75]
Wistar albino rats	Hepatic I/R (45 min/60 min)	LA (100 mg/kg, i.p.) before ischemia and immediately before reperfusion period	Alleviating the I/R-induced liver injury in the hepatic structure and function via antioxidant properties	[76]
Wistar rats	Hepatic I/R (60 min/(1, 3, 6, and 12 h)	Injection with LA (25 mg) into the caudal vein at 15 min before reperfusion and 60 min after ischemia	Scavenging oxygen and nitrogen free radicals, increasing GSH levels, reducing inflammatory reaction mediated by NF-κB P65 and MIP-2	[77]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Hepatic I/R (60 min/45,90 min)	LA (10 or 50 μM) at 20 min before ischemia	Attenuating I/R injury via activating the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway	[78]
Brown Norway rats	Hepatic selective lobe I/R (10 min/10 min), then sustained I/R (90 min/4 h)	LA (500 μmol, i.v) at 15 min before ischemia	Improving tolerance to ischemia via downregulating proapoptotic gene	[79]
Brown Norway rats	Hepatic I/R (90 min/1 h)	LA (120 mg) via the inferior vena cava at 15 min in advance	Attenuation of I/R by reducing necrosis and apoptosis	[80]
Brown Norway rats	Hepatic I/R (90 min/1 and 4 h)	LA (1.5 ml, 5,000 mol, i.v) at 15 min prior to ischemia	Attenuating I/R via reducing cell deaths from necrosis and apoptosis	[81]