Table 4.

The effects of LA on cerebral I/R injury.

Subjects	I/R	Treatments	Effects and mechanisms	Ref
Sprague-Dawley rats	Left external carotid artery permanently occluded and left internal carotid artery I/R (90 min/24 h)	LA (50, 70, and 100 mg/kg, i.h) at 2 h before I/R	Attenuating I/R injury via reducing oxidative stress and caspase-dependent apoptosis	[94]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Middle cerebral artery selective I/R (30 s/30 s) before sustained I/R (2 h/24 h)	LA (50 mg/kg i.p) for 30 min before I/R	Exhibiting neuroprotection by attenuating neuroinflammation via inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway	[95]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Left middle cerebral artery I/R (2 h/1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 d)	LA injection (20 mg/kg) via the left external jugular vein immediately after I/R	Exhibiting neurorestorative effects via insulin receptor activation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions	[96]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Ligating external carotid arteries and the internal carotid artery I/R (2 h/24 h)	LA (10, 20,40, and 80 mg/kg) via the left external jugular vein after reperfusion	Promoting functional recovery via attenuating oxidative damage mediated by the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway	[97]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Right middle cerebral artery I/R (30 min/5.5 h)	LA (0.05, 0.5, 5.0, or 50 mg/kg, i.v) at 30 min	LA as a neuroprotectant via increasing protein expression of superoxide dismutase 2	[98]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion-bilateral common carotid artery I/R (30 min/48 h)	LA (40 mg/kg, i.p) at 30 min after ischemia	Protective effects by LA via reducing phosphate mTOR	[99]
Albino rats	Bilateral femoral arteries I/R (3 h/1d)	LA (100 mg/kg, i.p) for 7 d after I/R	Ameliorating neuronal damages, maintaining the normal structure, surface area, and the number of light neurons in the pyramidal layer	[100]
Mouse primary brain endothelial cell and bEnd.3 cell	Oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (6 h/4 h)	LA (1 mM) pre- and posttreatment for ischemia	Protecting against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury via promoting the Akt/mTOR pathway	[101]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Bilateral carotid artery I/R (30 min/24 h)	LA (25 mg/kg, i.v) pretreatments	Improving survival and protecting the rat brain	[102]
Gerbils	Forebrain I/R (5 min/5 d)	LA (20 mg/kg∗d, i.p) for 7 d	Improving locomotor abilities and damages of the CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells via antioxidant actions	[103]
C57blk mice	Internal carotid artery I/R (45 min/24 h)	LA (100 mg/kg, i.h)at 1.5 h before ischemia	Reducing stroke infarct volume via antioxidant actions	[104]