Table 4.
Outcomes identified across review periods
| Domain/instructional outcome | Definitions | 1990–2011 (n) | 2012–2017 (n) | 1990–2017 (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic/pre-academic | Outcomes broadly related to performance on tasks typically taught and used in school settings | 55 | 96 | 151 |
| Adaptive/self-help | Outcomes related to independent living skills and personal care skills | 52 | 53 | 105 |
| Challenging/interfering behavior | Outcomes related to decreasing or eliminating behaviors that interfere with the individual’s ability to learn | 147 | 121 | 268 |
| Cognitive | Outcomes related to performance on measures of intelligence, executive function, problem solving, information processing, reasoning, theory of mind, memory, creativity, or attention | 15 | 22 | 37 |
| Communication | Outcomes related to ability to express wants, needs, choices, feelings, or ideas | 173 | 159 | 332 |
| Joint attention | Outcomes related to behaviors needed for sharing interests and/or experiences | 36 | 27 | 63 |
| Mental health | Outcomes related to emotional well-being | 1 | 16 | 17 |
| Motor | Outcomes related to movement or motion, including both fine and gross motor skills, or related to sensory system/sensory functioning | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| Play | Outcomes related to the use of toys or leisure materials | 73 | 50 | 123 |
| Self-determination | Outcomes related to self-directed actions in setting and achieving goals or making decisions and problem-solving | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| School readiness | Outcomes related to task performance versus task content or curriculum area (e.g., on task behavior, engagement) | 63 | 46 | 109 |
| Social | Outcomes related to skills needed to interact with others | 152 | 150 | 302 |
| Vocational | Outcomes related to employment or employment preparation or relate to technical skills required for a specific job | 11 | 20 | 31 |