Table 2.
Studies of non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical exposures during pregnancy and maternal postpartum weight gain.
| Reference | Cohort and Location | Sample Size | Chemicals Measured | Urine Samples and Dilution Correction | Analytic Treatment of Metabolites | Statistical Modeling | Outcome | Covariates | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rodriguez-Carmona et al, 2019 | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants Project, Mexico City, Mexico | Original subset of ELEMENT: 250, Analyzed subset: 178 |
• MEHP • MEHHP • MEOHP • MECPP • MBzP • MCPP • MnBP • MiBP • MEP |
Collected once in each trimester, women had to contribute at least one urine sample to be included Specific gravity |
Summed metabolites of parent compounds DEHP (MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP) and DnBP (MnBP and MiBP). Single-pollutant models of metabolites or sums of parent compounds |
Path analysis that included log-transformed phthalate metabolite concentrations across pregnancy | Annual weight change in kg. Weight was measured up to five times in the first year postpartum and twice during follow-up visits 5.2–10.7 years later |
• Maternal age • Education • Energy intake |
• One log-unit increase in mCPP was associated with annual weight increase of 0.33 kg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.56). • One log-unit increase in MBzP was associated with weight decrease of 0.21 kg (95% CI: −0.38, −0.03) |
| Perng,et al, 2020 | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants Project Mexico City, Mexico | Original subset of ELEMENT: 250, Analyzed subset: 167 |
• BPA • MEHP • MEHHP • MEOHP • MECPP • MBzP • MCPP • MnBP • MiBP • MEP |
Collected once in each trimester, women had to contribute at least one urine sample to be included Specific gravity |
Summed metabolites of parent compounds DEHP (MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP) and DnBP (MnBP and MiBP). Single-pollutant models of metabolites or sums of parent compounds |
Mixed effects linear models that incorporated repeated measures of weight | Average annual rate of weight change in kg through one year postpartum. Weight was measured up to four times post-partum. Positive beta estimates indicate slower weight change while negative indicate faster weight change |
• Maternal age • Parity • Height • First trimester body mass index • Gestational age at first trimester visit • Maternal smoking during pregnancy • Breast feeding duration • Birthweight |
• One log-unit increase in BPA was associated with 0.68 kg/year slower weight change (95%CI: 0.07,1.29) • One log-unit increase in MBzP was associated with 0.73 kg/year slower weight change (95%CI: 0.08,1.39). • One log-unit increase in MCPP was associated with 0.79 kg/year slower weight change (95%CI: 0.14, 1.43). • One log-unit increase in ∑DEHP was associated with 1.00 kg/year slower weight change (95%CI: 0.04, 1.61). • One log-unit increase in ∑DBP was associated with 0.79 kg/year slower weight change (95% CI: 0.16, 1.42). |
| Philips et al, 2020 | Generation R study, Rotterdam, the Netherlands | Original subset: 1,405, Analyzed subset: 1,192 |
• BPA • BPS • BPF • Phthalic acid • MMP • MEP • MiBP • MnBP • MEHP • MEHPP • MEOHP MECPP • MCMHP • MBzP • MCPP • MHpP |
Collected three times during pregnancy, used early and mid-pregnancy samples only Creatinine |
Summed bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF) Summed metabolites of parent compound DEHP (MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MCMHP, and MECPP) Summed metabolite of parent compound DNOP (MCPP, MOP, and MCHpP) Summed high molecular weight phthalates (∑DEHP, MCPP, MBzP, MHxP, MHpP).Summed low molecular weight phthalates (MMP, MEP, MnBP, MiBP).Phthalic acid was used as a proxy for total burden of phthalate exposure |
Multivariable linear models | Weight change (g) from pre-pregnancy to 6 years postpartum. | • Maternal age • Parity • Ethnicity • Education • Dietary caloric intake • Pre-pregnancy body mass index • Maternal smoking during pregnancy • Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy |
• One log-unit increase in BPA was associated with weight increase of 364 g (95%CI: 10, 718) 6 years postpartum • One log-unit increase in phthalic acid was associated with 734 g increase in weight (95%CI: 273, 1196). • One log-unit increase in low molecular weight phthalate concentration was associated with 678 g increase in weight (95%CI: 328, 1029). • One log-unit in high molecular weight phthalate metabolite concentration was associated with 724 g increase in weight(95%CI: 233, 1061). • One log-unit increase in ∑DEHP was associated with 588 g increase in weight (95% CI: 115, 1061). • One log-unit increase in ∑DNOP was associated with 840 g increase in weight (95%CI: 347, 1332) |
Abbreviations: Bisphenols A, F, S (BPA, BPF, BPS). Confidence Interval (CI), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-[(2-carboxymethyl)hexyl]phthalate (MCMHP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), monoethyl (MEP), & mono-n/i-butyl (MnBP/MiBP) phthalate, mono(3-carboxypropyl)phthalate (MCPP), mono-hexylphthalate (MHxP), monomethylphthalate (MMP), mono-2-heptylphthalate (MHpP), monocotyl phthalate (MOP), mono-(−7-carboxy-n-heptyl) phthalate (MCHpP)