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Schematic figures of metabolic alterations in HCC. Glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were increased while the urea cycle, TCA cycle, and β-oxidation are decreased in the liver cancer cells. Fatty acid (FA) synthesis and uptake are gradually increased until HCC development. Glutamate produced during glutaminolysis serves as the major substrate to refuel the TCA cycle. Abbreviations: PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; FA, fatty acid; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle.
