Table 1.
Summary of Included Articles
| Citation | Sample Size | Mean Age (Years) | Sex/Gender Reporting | Sex/Gender Inclusion | Race/Ethnicity Reporting | Racial/Ethnic Inclusion | SES Inclusion | Subgroup Analyses | Discussed Diversity in Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methadone | |||||||||
| Fiellin et al., 2001 | 46 | 41 | Partial | 65% men | Partial | 78% White | 67% employed full-time Monthly income, M = $1541 | No | None |
| Gruber et al., 2008 | 111 | 42 | Full | 61% male 39% female |
Full | 41% White 30% Black 5% Asian 4% AI/AN 20% Hispanic/Latinx |
Monthly income, M = $1398 | No | None |
| Masson et al., 2004 | 91 | Not reported | None | None | None | No | Yes: SES | ||
| Schwartz et al., 2017 | 295 | 43 | Partial | 59% male | Full | 41% White 58% Black 1% Hispanic/Latinx |
37% employed | No | Yes: race, SES |
| Schwartz et al., 2020 | 225 | 38 | Partial | 80% male | Full | 25% White 62% Black 13% other 3% Hispanic/Latinx |
44% employed | Yes: sex | None |
| Sees et al., 2000 | 179 | 39 | Partial | 59% men | Full | 51% White 30% Black 13% Hispanic/Latinx 6% other |
47% employed full-time 9% no stable living arrangement Monthly income, M = $855 | No | None |
| Strain et al., 1999 | 192 | 38 | Partial | 65% men | Partial | 49% White | 25% employed | Yes: sex | None |
| Strain et al., 1993 | 95 | 35 | Partial | 68% male | Partial | 52% Black | 60% unemployed | No | None |
| Buprenorphine | |||||||||
| Collins et al., 2005 | 106 | 36 | Partial | 72% male | Full | 53% White 12% Black 29% Hispanic/Latinx 6% other |
56% employed | No | None |
| Cushman et al., 2016 | 113 | 40 | Partial | 69% male | Full | 49% White 23% Black 20% Hispanic/Latinx 8% other |
35% homeless | No | None |
| D’Onofrio et al., 2015 | 329 | 31 | Partial | 76% men | Full | 75% White 7% Black 16% Hispanic/Latinx 1% other |
52% employed full-time 26% employed part-time 9% no stable living arrangement | No | None |
| Fiellin et al., 2006 | 166 | 36 | Partial | 78% male | Partial | 77% White | 48% employed full-time Monthly income, m = $1368 | No | None |
| Fiellin et al., 2014 | 113 | 30 | Partial | 58% male | Partial | 96% White 7% Hispanic/Latinx |
44% employed full-time | No | None |
| Gunderson et al., 2010 | 20 | 45 | Partial | 90% male | Full | 45% White 20% Black 35% Hispanic/Latinx |
25% employed | No | None |
| Haight et al., 2019 | 489 | 40 | Full | 66% male | Full | 71% White 27% Black/AA 2% other |
None | No | Full |
| Hopper et al. 2005 | 20 | 47 | Partial | 65% male | Partial | 85% Black/AA | 20% employed | No | None |
| Johnson et al., 1995a | 99 | 34 | Partial | 29% female | Partial | 50% non-White | 36% employed | No | None |
| Johnson et al., 1995b | 150 | 33 | Partial | 38% female | Partial | 47% non-White | 23% employed | Yes: gender | None |
| Ling et al., 2010 | 163 | 37 | Partial | 47% male | Full | 75% White 12% Black 13% other 15% Hispanic/Latinx |
None | No | None |
| Ling et al., 1998 | 736 | 36 | Partial | 33% female | Full | 49% White 22% Black 28% Hispanic/Latinx |
33% unemployed | No | None |
| Ling et al., 2009 | 516 | 36 | Partial | 33% female | Partial | 76% White 12% Black 6% Hispanic/Latinx |
35% unemployed | No | None |
| Lofwall et al., 2018 | 428 | 38 | Full | 61% men 39% women |
Partial | 75% White | 35% employed | No | None |
| Lucas et al., 2010 | 93 | 46 | Partial | 28% female | Partial | 98% Black/AA | 30% employed 48% own/rent home 39% staying with others 4% group home 9% homeless | No | None |
| Marsch et al., 2005a | 134 | 33 | Partial | 63% male | Partial | 98% White | 46% employed full-time Monthly income, m = $871 | Yes: SES, gender | None |
| Marsch et al., 2005b | 36 | 17 | Partial | 39% male | Partial | 97% White | None | No | None |
| Marsch et al., 2016 | 53 | 21 | Full | 58% male 42% female |
Partial | 76% White | 9% homeless | No | None |
| Potter et al., 2015 | 252 | 33 | Partial | 43% female | Partial | 89% White | 67% employed full-time | Yes: SES, gender, race, age | None |
| Rosenthal et al., 2013 | 287 | 36 | Partial | 61% male | Full | 83% White 13% Black 5% other 18% Hispanic/Latinx |
None | No | None |
| Rosenthal et al., 2016 | 177 | 39 | Full | 59% male 41% female |
Full | 95% White 3% Black 1% Asian 1% AI/AN 1% other 3% Hispanic/Latinx 97% non-Hispanic/Latinx |
55% employed full-time 10% employed part-time 18% unemployed 7% retired/disability | No | Yes: race, SES |
| Sigmon et al., 2016 | 50 | 35 | Partial | 58% male | Partial | 88% White | 52% employed | No | None |
| Stein et al., 2020 | 110 | 32 | Partial | 68% male | Partial | 79% White 11% Black 12% other 10% Hispanic/Latinx |
15% employed | Yes: gender, race | None |
| Woody et al., 2008 | 152 | 19 | Partial | 59% male | Partial | 74% White 2% Black 1% Filipino 25% Hispanic/Latinx |
N/A* | No | Yes: race |
| Naltrexone | |||||||||
| Comer et al., 2006 | 60 | 41 | Full | 77% male 24% female |
Full | 37% White 35% Black 3% Asian 18% Hispanic/Latinx 7% other |
None | No | None |
| Coviello et al., 2010 | 111 | 34 | Partial | 82% male | Full | 47% White 26% Black 27% Hispanic/Latinx |
23% employed | No | None |
| Friedmann et al., 2018a | 15 | 37 | Partial | 93% male | Partial | 83% White | 20% employed | No | None |
| Friedmann et al., 2018b | 308 | 44 | Partial | 85% male | Partial | 20% White 50% Black 27% Hispanic/Latinx |
18% employed | Yes: sex, SES, race | None |
| Jarvis et al., 2019 | 84 | 43 | Partial | 71% men | Partial | 80% Black | 53% unemployed | No | None |
| Lee et al., 2016 | 308 | 44 | Partial | 85% male | Partial | 20% White 50% Black 27% Hispanic/Latinx |
18% employed | No | None |
| Lee et al., 2015 | 33 | 44 | Full | 100% male | None | 18% employed 33% homeless | No | Yes: sex | |
| Mannelli et al., 2009 | 96 | 33 | Partial | 61% male | Full | 71% White 29% Black |
53% unemployed | No | None |
| Sullivan et al., 2013 | 57 | 41 | Partial | 77% men | Partial | 37% White 35% Black 18% Hispanic/Latinx |
None | No | None |
| Methadone and Buprenorphine | |||||||||
| Johnson et al., 2000 | 220 | 36 | Partial | 34% female | Partial | 60% non-White | 30% employed | Yes: sex, age, race | None |
| Johnson et al., 1992 | 162 | 33 | Full | 70% men 30% women |
Full | 58% White 40% Black 2% other |
None | No | None |
| Kosten et al., 1993 | 125 | 32 | Partial | 73% male | Partial | 69% White | 55% employed full-time | No | None |
| Ling et al., 1996 | 225 | 41 | Full | 80% male 20% female |
Full | 14% White 20% Black 65% Hispanic/Latinx 1% other |
None | No | None |
| Schottenfeld et al., 2005 | 162 | 36 | Partial | 66% male | Full | 52% White 36% Black 11% Hispanic/Latinx |
42% employed | No | None |
| Schottenfeld et al., 1997 | 116 | 33 | Partial | 69% male | Partial | 78% White | 71% employed | No | None |
| Strain et al., 1994 | 164 | 32 | Partial | 71% male | Full | 49% White 51% Black/AA |
35% employed | No | None |
| Buprenorphine and Naltrexone | |||||||||
| Bisaga et al., 2018 | 378 | 36 | Full | 66% male 34% female |
Full | 74% White 20% Black/AA 6% other |
None | No | other |
| Lee et al., 2018 | 474 | 34 | Full | 70% male 30% female |
Partial | 76% White 10% Black 17% Hispanic/Latinx |
18% employed 63% unemployed | No | None |
Note. SES = socioeconomic status; AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native; AA = African American.
*
Years of education and employment were assessed but are not strong indicators of SES among youth.