Table 2.

Key usages of PROMs data at the micro, meso, and macro levels within the system

Micro	Meso	Macro
Patient and Clinician Informs patient management and care plan	Healthcare Organization Informs performance measurement and evaluation	Healthcare System Informs resource planning and allocation
Patient completes the PROM prior or during clinical encounter. The PROM could be used to: Identify health issues as reported by patients, especially those that may go unnoticed (e.g., pain, anxiety) Screen for specific symptoms or health problems Monitor patients' outcomes over time to inform treatment decisions Triage patients according to their self-reported health problems to inform care delivery Empower patients to share how they feel about their health with their care providers	PROM completed by multiple patients at various clinics are aggregated and data analyzed to: Assess and monitor patients' health outcomes at a group level Evaluate the performance of an organization in comparison with best practices and benchmarks Examine the effectiveness of a health intervention or program Establish benchmarks and best practices for providers (individuals) Measure outcomes as compared to cost and healthcare utilization at the organization level	PROM completed by multiple patients at various clinical sites are aggregated and data analyzed to: Compare providers’ performance across the healthcare system Compare patients' response to treatments or interventions across healthcare delivery sites Identify key health problems at the system level Establish benchmarks and best practices for providers (organizations) Measure outcomes as compared to cost and healthcare utilization at the system level