TABLE 2.

Malic acid production by mutants and evolutionarily engineered microorganisms.

Microorganisms	Substrates	Titer (g/L)	Yield (g/g)	Productivity (g/L/h)	References
Aspergillus niger MTCC 281	Crude glycerol	77.38 a	-	0.40	Iyyappan et al. (2018b)
Aspergillus niger PJR1	Crude glycerol	83.23 a	-	0.43	Iyyappan et al. (2018a)
Aspergillus niger PJR1	Crude glycerol	92.64 a	-	0.48	Iyyappan et al. (2019b)
Aspergillus oryzae FMME218-37	Glucose	95.2 b	0.54	0.57	Ding et al. (2018)
Monascus araneosus	Glucose	27.9 a	0.37	0.23	Lumyong and Tomita (1993)
Rhizopus delemar	Corn straw	120 b	0.96	2.03	Li et al. (2014)
Ustilago trichophora TZ1	Crude glycerol	195 b	0.43	0.74	Zambanini et al. (2016a)
Ustilago trichophora TZ1	Crude glycerol	196 a	0.82	0.39	Zambanini et al. (2016b)

^aFlask culture.

^bFermentor culture - represents no value.