TABLE 3.
Malic acid production by metabolically engineered microorganisms.
| Microorganisms | Titer (g/L) | Yield a (mol/mol) | Productivity (g/L/h) | Main by-products (g/L) | Genetic modifications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergillus niger S1149 | 201.13 b | 1.64 | 1.05 | Fumarate (1.50–1.80) | ΔoahA, ΔcexA, OEpyc, OEmdh3, OE c4t318, OEmstC, OEhxkA, OEpfkA, OEpkiA | Xu et al. (2020) |
| Aspergillus niger S575 | 201.24 b | 1.27 | 0.93 | Citrate (28.00) | ΔoahA, OEpyc, OEmdh3 and OE c4t318 | Xu et al. (2019) |
| Aspergillus oryzae 2103a-68 | 154 b | 1.38 | 0.94 | Succinate (13) and citrate (6) | OEpyc, OEmdh3 and OEc4t318 | Brown et al. (2013) |
| Aspergillus oryzae | 165 b | 0.91 | 1.38 | Succinate (18.7) and fumarate (4.0) | OEpyc, OEmdh, OEEcppc, OEEcpck, OEc4t318, OESpMAE1 and OEpfk | Liu et al. (2017a) |
| Aspergillus oryzae | 82.3 c | 0.82 g/g (corn starch) | 1.18 | - | OEglaA, OEamyB, OEagdA and OEScfum1 | Liu et al. (2017b) |
| Aspergillus oryzae | 117.2 c | 0.9 g/g (corn starch) | 1.17 | Succinate (3.8) and fumarate (0.75) | OERopyc, OEicl1, OEicl2, OEmas, DRcs, OESfc1p and OEnox | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Aspergillus carbonarius | 32.0 c | - | 0.15 | Succinate (16.0) and citrate (5.2) | OEdct | Yang et al. (2017b) |
| Bacillus subtilis | 2.1 c | 0.16 | 0.03 | Acetate (3.14) | Δldh, OEEcppc and OEScmdh | Mu and Wen (2013) |
| Escherichia coli KJ071 | 69.1 b | 1.4 | 0.48 | Succinate (33.07) and pyruvate (5.1) | ΔldhA, ΔadhE, ΔackA, ΔfocA, ΔpfB and ΔmgsA | Jantama et al. (2008) |
| Escherichia coli XZ658 | 34 b | 1.42 | 0.47 | Succinate (1.18) and lactate (1.08) | ΔldhA, ΔackA, ΔadhE, ΔpflB, ΔmgsA, ΔpoxB, ΔfrdBC, ΔsfcA, ΔmaeB, ΔfumB and ΔfumAC | Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Escherichia coli | 36.05 b | 0.74 | 0.60 | - | OEAfpyc, OEScms, OEcs, OEacn and OEicl | Gao et al. (2018) |
| Escherichia coli F0931 | 21.65 b | 0.48 | 0.3 | Pyruvate (16.54) and succinate (0.98) | ΔldhA, ΔpoxB, ΔpflB, Δpta, ΔackA, ΔfrdBC, ΔfumABC, OEme and OEpos5 | Dong et al. (2017) |
| Escherichia coli | - | 0.82 | - | fumarate (-) | Δmdh, Δmqo, ΔmaeAB, ΔiclR arcA, OEppc and OEgltA | Trichez et al. (2018) |
| Escherichia coli GL2306 | 25.86 c | 0.53 | 0.36 | - | ΔadhE, ΔackA, ΔldhA, Δpts1, ΔpflB, ΔfocA, ΔmgsA, OEEcpck and OEAsmdh | Guo et al. (2018) |
| Escherichia coli | 17.83 b | 1.3 | 0.38 | - | ΔldhA, ΔadhE, ΔiclR, Δack, Δpta and OEpyc | Martinez et al. (2018) |
| Escherichia coli MA-11 | 5.90 c | 0.80 g/g (xylose) | 0.08 | Glycolate (-) | ΔmaeA, ΔmaeB, Δmdh, ΔfumAC, ΔfumB, OEdte, OEfucA, OEfucK, OEaldA, OEglcDEFB and OEkatE | Li et al. (2018) |
| Escherichia coli XL-1 | 12.08 c | - | - | - | OEPykF and OESfcA | Somasundaram et al. (2018) |
| Myceliophthora thermophile J207 | 181 b | - (avicel) | - | Succinate (19.7) | OEAoc4t318 and OEAopyc | Li et al. (2019) |
| Pichia pastoris | 42.28 b | 0.56 | 0.44 | Succinate (9.42) | OEpyc and OEmdh1 | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae MDH | 11.8 c | 0.13 | 0.38 | Citrate (40.7) | OEmdh2 | Pines et al. (1997) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae RWB525 | 59 c | 0.42 | 0.19 | succinate (8.0) and glycerol (25.0) | OEpyc2,OEmdh3ΔSKL and OESpmae1 | Zelle et al. (2008) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae RWB525 | 35.91 b | 0.48 | - | Pyruvate (30.54) and succinate (11.33) | OEpyc2,OEmdh3ΔSKL and OESpmae1 | Zelle et al. (2010) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 30.25 c | 0.4 | 0.32 | Pyruvate (30.75) | OEAfpyc, OERopyc, OEAfmdh, OERomdh and OESpMAE1 | Chen et al. (2017) |
| Torulopsis glabrata | 8.5 c | 0.19 | 0.18 | Pyruvate (-) | OERopyc, OERomdh and OESpMAE1 | Chen et al. (2013) |
| Thermobifida fusca muC-16 | 62.76 b | 0.63 g/g (cellulose) | 0.51 | Succinate (2.40) and bytyrate (11.1) | OECgpyc | Deng et al. (2016) |
| Ustilago trichophora TZ1 | 134 b | 0.42 g/g (glycerol) | 0.56 | Succinate (20) and α-ketoglutarate (8) | OEpyc, OEmdh1, OEmdh2, OEssu1 and OEssu2 | Zambanini et al. (2017) |
a
Yields are given in mol malate per mol glucose unless otherwise indicated.
b
Fermentor culture.
c
Flask culture - represents no value.
OE, overexpression; DR, down-regulation.