TABLE 5.

Comparisons of urinary mutagenicity from various exposures^a

Exposure	Mean rev/ml-eq	Fold increase	Reference
Smoky coal combustion emissions	24.8	31.5	Present study
Diesel engine exhaust	19.6	3.5	Present study
Benzidine	496.0	20.7	DeMarini et al. (1997)
Charcoal production emissions	276.0	2.3	Kato et al. (2004)
Nitrotoluenes	127.0	Not reported	Sabbioni et al. (2006)
Wildfire	11.0	2.6	Wu et al. (2021)

^aOther than for benzidine, all other data were generated in Salmonella frameshift strain YG1041, which over-expresses both O-acetyltransferase and nitroreductase. The benzidine data were generated in the related strain YG1024, which over-expresses only O-acetyltransferase. Data for benzidine were extrapolated from published dose-response curves, and data for charcoal emissions were estimated from published data.