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Origin and range alterations of cfDNA. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is passively released by apoptotic or necrotic tumor cells and actively secreted by exosomes, which are membrane -bound vesicles released by tumor cells. Of these cells, apoptosis serves as the main source of cfDNA in both normal and diseased tissues. Analysis of these molecules can be employed for early tumor detection and may provide a prognostic treatment strategy for HCC patients.
