Table 2. Results of multivariate analysis to assess factors associated with surgical management of traumatic cervicothoracic spine fracture with SCI.
| Variable | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 16–25 | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| 26–45 | 0.93 | 0.77–1.12 | 0.456 |
| 46–65 | 0.58 | 0.48–0.69 | <0.001* |
| 66–75 | 0.47 | 0.37–0.60 | <0.001* |
| >75 | 0.24 | 0.19–0.30 | <0.001* |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Male | 1.11 | 0.98–1.26 | 0.093 |
| Race | |||
| White | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Hispanic | 0.87 | 0.71–1.06 | 0.159 |
| Black | 0.95 | 0.80–1.14 | 0.597 |
| Insurance status | |||
| Private | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Medicare | 0.88 | 0.74–1.05 | 0.147 |
| Medicaid | 0.81 | 0.68–0.97 | 0.021* |
| Uninsured | 0.63 | 0.52–0.75 | <0.001* |
| ED drug test | |||
| Negative | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Illegal drug | 1.05 | 0.85–1.29 | 0.661 |
| Rx drug | 0.95 | 0.74–1.23 | 0.715 |
| Both | 1.35 | 0.88–2.07 | 0.167 |
| Not tested/reported | 1.04 | 0.89–1.22 | 0.627 |
| ED blood alcohol | |||
| Negative | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Trace | 0.96 | 0.75–1.23 | 0.751 |
| Above limit | 1.00 | 0.85–1.18 | 0.990 |
| Not tested/reported | 0.86 | 0.75–0.99 | 0.040* |
| Intent | |||
| Unintentional | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Intentional (assault or self-harm) | 0.66 | 0.42–1.02 | 0.063 |
| Mechanism | |||
| Motor vehicle driver/occupant | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Pedestrian | 0.81 | 0.54–1.22 | 0.313 |
| Other transportation | 1.04 | 0.85–1.27 | 0.727 |
| Fall | 1.21 | 1.06–1.39 | 0.005* |
| Struck by/against | 1.21 | 0.89–1.64 | 0.219 |
| Other/unclassified | 0.75 | 0.34–1.64 | 0.470 |
| Injury type | |||
| Blunt | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Penetrating | 0.17 | 0.07–0.42 | <0.001* |
| Fracture region | |||
| Cervical | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Thoracic | 0.82 | 0.72–0.94 | 0.004* |
| Cervicothoracic | 0.75 | 0.64–0.89 | 0.001* |
| Injury Severity Score | |||
| Minor [1–8] | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Moderate [9–15] | 3.17 | 2.29–4.37 | <0.001* |
| Severe [16–26] | 6.58 | 4.78–9.05 | <0.001* |
| Glasgow Coma Scale (total) in ED | |||
| 12–15 | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| 9–11 | 0.66 | 0.47–0.92 | 0.015* |
| 3–8 | 0.51 | 0.42–0.62 | <0.001* |
| Transfer patient | |||
| No | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Yes | 1.10 | 0.98–1.24 | 0.095 |
| Hospital type | |||
| Non-profit | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| For profit | 1.38 | 1.13–1.70 | 0.002* |
| Region | |||
| Midwest | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| Northeast | 0.80 | 0.67–0.96 | 0.016* |
| South | 1.16 | 1.01–1.34 | 0.036* |
| West | 0.90 | 0.77–1.05 | 0.182 |
| ACS trauma level | |||
| I | 1 | (Base) | (Base) |
| II | 0.89 | 0.78–1.01 | 0.068 |
*, significant values (P<0.05). SCI, spinal cord injury; ED, emergency department; ACS, American College of Surgeons.