. 2021 Oct 13;3(12):2525–2532. doi: 10.1007/s42399-021-01055-3

Table 2.

Association between maternal race and the occurrence of cyanotic congenital heart disease in the USA. Chi-square test statistical analysis, result of maternal race (independent variable), confounders variables and cyanotic congenital heart disease (dependent variable) (Natality Public Use file, CDC, 2017). N = 3,864,754 live birth, maternal population of all race and origin = 325,719,178. n = 2130 CCHD birth were reported out of 3,8161,947 respondents

Variables	CCHD (YES)	CCHD (NO)	P-value
Maternal race (independent variable) White Black AIAN* Asian or PI**	1665 (78.2) 334 (15.7) 38 (1.8) 93 (4.4)	2,860,793 (74.2) 657,326 (17.0) 41,858 (1.1) 297,710 (7.7)	0.01
Confounders
Mother’s age Under 35 years 35 to 54 years	1685 (79.1) 445 (20.9)	3,178,232 (82.4) 679,455 (17.6)	0.01
Marital status Married Unmarried	1274 (61.1) 811 (38.9)	2,028,220 (59.9) 1,356,734 (40.1)	0.27
Educational status Below University degree Above University degree	1464 (69.5) 641 (30.5)	2,574,948 (67.6) 1,233,655 (32.4)	0.06
Mother’s nativity Born in the USA (50 US states) Born outside the USA (includes possessions)	1749 (82.6) 368 (17.4)	2,953,934 (76.7) 896,157 (23.3)	0.01
Combined gestation Under 37 weeks 37 weeks over	11,354 (66.6) 31,481 (62.4)	5704 (33.4) 18,999 (37.6)	0.01
Payment method Medicaid Private insurance Self-pay Other	927 (43.9) 1034.6 (48.8) 89.7 (3.5) 81.0 (3.8)	1,645,391 (42.9) 1,879,609.4 (49.0) 162,937.3 (4.2) 147,188.0 (3.8)	0.35
Gonorrhea infection Yes No	6 (0.3) 2116 (99.7)	11,319 (0.3) 3,837,694 (99.7)	0.93
Syphilis infection Yes No	1 (0.0) 2121 (100)	3892 (0.1) 3,845,121 (99.9)	0.43
Chlamydia infection Yes No	36 (1.7) 2086 (98.3)	70,474 (1.8) 3,778,539 (98.2)	0.64
Hepatitis B Yes No	4 (0.2) 2118 (99.8)	8978 (0.2) 3,840,035 (99.8)	0.67
Hepatitis C Yes No	14 (0.7) 2108 (99.3)	18,056 (0.5) 3,830,957 (99.5)	0.20
Use of ART Yes No	33 (57.9) 24 (42.1)	42,776 (63.4) 24,652 (36.6)	0.39
Pre-pregnancy diabetes Yes No	97 (4.6) 2029 (95.4)	35,198 (0.9) 3,819,835 (99.1)	0.01
Pre-pregnancy hypertension Yes No	101 (4.8) 2025 (95.2)	72,863 (1.9) 3,782,170 (98.1)	0.01
Month prenatal care began 1 to 3rd month 4 to 6th month 7th to final month No prenatal care	1350 (67.1) 414 (20.6) 205 (10.2) 44 (2.2)	2,903,961 (77.2) 619,167 (16.5) 170,620 (4.5) 66,596 (1.8)	0.01
Smoking status Yes No	196 (9.3) 1919 (90.7)	264,329 (6.9) 3,574,788 (93.1)	0.01
Nutrition (WIC) Yes No	708 (34.1) 1370 (65.9)	1,450,583 (38.0) 2,362,729 (62.0)	0.01

Variables

CCHD (YES)

CCHD (NO)

P-value

Maternal race (independent variable)

White

Black

AIAN*

Asian or PI**

1665 (78.2)

334 (15.7)

38 (1.8)

93 (4.4)

2,860,793 (74.2)

657,326 (17.0)

41,858 (1.1)

297,710 (7.7)

0.01

Confounders

Mother’s age

Under 35 years

35 to 54 years

1685 (79.1)

445 (20.9)

3,178,232 (82.4)

679,455 (17.6)

0.01

Marital status

Married

Unmarried

1274 (61.1)

811 (38.9)

2,028,220 (59.9)

1,356,734 (40.1)

0.27

Educational status

Below University degree

Above University degree

1464 (69.5)

641 (30.5)

2,574,948 (67.6)

1,233,655 (32.4)

0.06

Mother’s nativity

Born in the USA (50 US states)

Born outside the USA (includes possessions)

1749 (82.6)

368 (17.4)

2,953,934 (76.7)

896,157 (23.3)

0.01

Combined gestation

Under 37 weeks

37 weeks over

11,354 (66.6)

31,481 (62.4)

5704 (33.4)

18,999 (37.6)

0.01

Payment method

Medicaid

Private insurance

Self-pay

Other

927 (43.9)

1034.6 (48.8)

89.7 (3.5)

81.0 (3.8)

1,645,391 (42.9)

1,879,609.4 (49.0)

162,937.3 (4.2)

147,188.0 (3.8)

0.35

Gonorrhea infection

Yes

6 (0.3)

2116 (99.7)

11,319 (0.3)

3,837,694 (99.7)

0.93

Syphilis infection

Yes

1 (0.0)

2121 (100)

3892 (0.1)

3,845,121 (99.9)

0.43

Chlamydia infection

Yes

36 (1.7)

2086 (98.3)

70,474 (1.8)

3,778,539 (98.2)

0.64

Hepatitis B

Yes

4 (0.2)

2118 (99.8)

8978 (0.2)

3,840,035 (99.8)

0.67

Hepatitis C

Yes

14 (0.7)

2108 (99.3)

18,056 (0.5)

3,830,957 (99.5)

0.20

Use of ART

Yes

33 (57.9)

24 (42.1)

42,776 (63.4)

24,652 (36.6)

0.39

Pre-pregnancy diabetes

Yes

97 (4.6)

2029 (95.4)

35,198 (0.9)

3,819,835 (99.1)

0.01

Pre-pregnancy hypertension

Yes

101 (4.8)

2025 (95.2)

72,863 (1.9)

3,782,170 (98.1)

0.01

Month prenatal care began

1 to 3rd month

4 to 6th month

7th to final month

No prenatal care

1350 (67.1)

414 (20.6)

205 (10.2)

44 (2.2)

2,903,961 (77.2)

619,167 (16.5)

170,620 (4.5)

66,596 (1.8)

0.01

Smoking status

Yes

196 (9.3)

1919 (90.7)

264,329 (6.9)

3,574,788 (93.1)

0.01

Nutrition (WIC)

Yes

708 (34.1)

1370 (65.9)

1,450,583 (38.0)

2,362,729 (62.0)

0.01

^*American Indians and Alaska Native

^**Asian or Pacific Islander