Table 3.
Echocardiographic characteristics of elite endurance and strength athletes and non-elite controls.
|
Participants attending a 3-KM run test (N = 1,388) |
Participants attending a 2-min push-up test (N = 577) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiographic characteristics |
Elite endurance athletes (≤780 s)
(N = 233) |
Controls (>780 s) (N = 1,155) | P-value | Elite strength athletes (≥54 times) (N = 78) |
Controls
(<54 times) (N = 499) |
P-value |
| Aortic valve open (mm), PLAX | 19.93 ± 1.98 | 20.03 ± 1.91 | 0.57* | 20.53 ± 1.65 | 20.35 ± 1.86 | 0.61* |
| Aortic root dimension (mm), PALX | 29.49 ± 3.23 | 29.68 ± 3.25 | 0.66* | 30.13 ± 2.48 | 29.82 ± 2.74 | 0.19* |
| LV posterior wall (mm), PLAX* | 8.44 ± 0.89 | 8.54 ± 0.94 | 0.31* | 8.40 ± 0.76 | 8.29 ± 0.84 | 0.84* |
| LV internal dimension in diastole (mm), PLAX | 50.03 ± 3.35 | 49.24 ± 3.42 | 0.003* | 49.74 ± 3.19 | 49.07 ± 3.50 | 0.36* |
| Interventricular septum, (mm), PLAX | 8.61 ± 0.95 | 8.74 ± 1.02 | 0.44* | 8.53 ± 0.80 | 8.49 ± 0.89 | 0.45* |
| RV wall thickness (mm), PLAX* | 4.72 ± 0.55 | 4.66 ± 0.62 | 0.98* | 4.60 ± 0.67 | 4.70 ± 0.58 | 0.49* |
| RV outflow tract dimension in diastole (mm), PLAX | 25.94 ± 3.84 | 27.19 ± 12.49 | 0.82* | 26.47 ± 3.82 | 26.33 ± 3.96 | 0.45* |
| Left atrial dimension (mm), PLAX | 32.55 ± 4.00 | 32.95 ± 3.93 | 0.21* | 33.09 ± 3.40 | 32.83 ± 3.95 | 0.11* |
| LV mass (gm) | 152.53 ± 28.43 | 151.05 ± 29.83 | 0.16 | 148.98 ± 23.54 | 144.45 ± 27.18 | 0.16 |
| LV mass index (gm/m2) | 84.44 ± 13.56 | 80.52 ± 12.94 | <0.001 | 81.76 ± 11.36 | 77.51 ± 12.05 | 0.004 |
| LV hypertrophy | 11 [4.7] | 24 [2.1] | 0.01 | 1 [1.3] | 5 [1.0] | 0.82 |
| RV hypertrophy | 20 [8.6] | 84 [7.3] | 0.48 | 2 [2.6] | 26 [5.2] | 0.31 |
| LV ejection fraction (%), PLAX | 61.79 ± 5.03 | 61.97 ± 5.06 | 0.78 | 62.86 ± 5.36 | 62.43 ± 5.32 | 0.51 |
| Tricuspid valve prolapse, PSAX | 34 [20.4] | 206 [26.6] | 0.09 | 13 [41.9] | 94 [51.1] | 0.34 |
| Aortic regurgitation ≥ mild grade | 3 [1.3] | 13 [1.1] | 0.83 | 1 [1.3] | 3 [0.6] | 0.50 |
| Mitral regurgitation ≥ mild grade | 190 [81.5] | 890 [77.1] | 0.13 | 69 [88.5] | 429 [86.0] | 0.55 |
| Pulmonary regurgitation ≥ mild grade | 162 [69.5] | 763 [66.1] | 0.30 | 61 [78.2] | 354 [70.9] | 0.18 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation ≥ mild grade | 196 [84.1] | 928 [80.3] | 0.18 | 73 [93.6] | 462 [92.6] | 0.75 |
| RV systolic pressure (mmHg) | 27.68 ± 4.35 | 27.19 ± 4.36 | 0.27 | 29.60 ± 4.35 | 27.83 ± 3.71 | <0.001 |
| Mitral inflow power Doppler E-wave (m/s) | 87.00 ± 14.13 | 86.21 ± 14.87 | 0.45 | 90.07 ± 13.63 | 87.41 ± 14.59 | 0.13 |
| Mitral inflow power Doppler A-wave (m/s) | 46.44 ± 9.59 | 48.69 ± 9.81 | 0.001 | 48.81 ± 9.42 | 49.31 ± 9.88 | 0.67 |
| E/A ratio | 1.94 ± 0.46 | 1.83 ± 0.46 | 0.001 | 1.91 ± 0.48 | 1.84 ± 0.47 | 0.20 |
| Mitral lateral annulus tissue Doppler E' (cm/s) | 17.33 ± 3.83 | 17.04 ± 3.75 | 0.29 | 19.30 ± 4.06 | 18.18 ± 4.05 | 0.02 |
| Mitral lateral annulus tissue Doppler A' (cm/s) | 7.77 ± 2.16 | 8.30 ± 3.69 | 0.03 | 8.51 ± 1.82 | 9.31 ± 4.95 | 0.16 |
| E'/A' ratio | 2.37 ± 0.73 | 2.22 ± 0.76 | 0.007 | 2.36 ± 0.70 | 2.11 ± 0.71 | 0.004 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation), and categorical variables as N [%].
LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricl; PLAX, echocardiographic parasternal long axis view; PSAX, echocardiographic parasternal short axis view.
*
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with adjustment for body surface area.