Table 2.

Risk factors for developing cardiac IRAEs [adapted after Varricchi et al. (2) and Zhou et al. (4)].

Therapy with combination of ICIs
Detection of skeletal myositis (usually precedes myocarditis)
Lung cancer (combination of radiotherapy and ICIs)
Autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis)
Male gender
Concomitant use of anthracyclines, anti-ErbB2 drugs, Raf and MEK inhibitors, VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Genetic polymorphism of CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1; activation of T-cell clones against cardiac antigens
Cardiotoxic therapies
Decreased global longitudinal strain - GLS (hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia)
ECG conduction disease
Flu vaccination – protection from IRAEs