Table 1. Physician Characteristics Stratified by Turnover Status.
| Characteristics | Physicians, No. (%) | P valuea | Repeated measures, difference (95% CI) | P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 314) | Departed (n = 32) | Stayed (n = 282) | ||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 123 (39) | 8 (25) | 115 (41) | .08 | NA | NA |
| Male | 191 (61) | 24 (75) | 167 (59) | |||
| Age, y | ||||||
| <35 | 19 (6) | 3 (9) | 16 (6) | .06 | NA | NA |
| 35-44 | 65 (21) | 9 (28) | 56 (20) | |||
| 45-54 | 100 (32) | 4 (13) | 96 (34) | |||
| 55-64 | 79 (25) | 7 (22) | 72 (26) | |||
| ≥65 | 51 (16) | 9 (28) | 42 (15) | |||
| Specialty | ||||||
| Primary care | 173 (55) | 15 (47) | 158 (56) | .58 | NA | NA |
| Medical specialties | 104 (33) | 12 (38) | 92 (33) | |||
| Surgical specialties | 37 (12) | 5 (16) | 32 (11) | |||
| Productivity, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Patient volume, completed appointments/mo | 206 (82) | 184 (97) | 209 (80) | .11 | −24.1 (−54.2 to 6.1) | .12 |
| Demand, available appointments completed, % | 77 (0.18) | 66 (0.18) | 78 (0.18) | <.001 | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.05) | <.001 |
| Intensity, patients/h | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.6 (0.8) | .93 | 0.02 (−0.29 to 0.32) | .93 |
| Months per physician | 18.2 (6.0) | 10.0 (5.9) | 19.2 (5.2) | <.001 | NA | NA |
| EHR use, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Total EHR time, hc | 5.5 (2.0) | 5.1 (1.5) | 5.6 (2.0) | .16 | −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.2) | .16 |
| Work outside scheduled clinical hours, hc | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.8) | .12 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.06) | .13 |
| Note documentation, hc | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.9 (1.0) | .38 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | .41 |
| Time on inbox, hc | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.4) | .01 | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.04) | .01 |
| Teamwork, % | 23 (21) | 17 (18) | 21 (0.21) | 11 | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.01) | .11 |
Abbreviations: EHR, electronic health record; NA, not applicable.
a
Based on mean of the mean values for each physician for values with multiple measures.
b
Differences for productivity and EHR use metrics were estimated using linear mixed models using repeated observations per physician.
c
EHR use measures were normalized to 8 hours.