Table 3.
Diabetes ameliorating effects of daidzein and genistein reported in epidemiological and animal studies.
| Isoflavone | Study Types | Daidzein and/or Genistein Considered | Study Design and Conditions | Evidence | Relation * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genistein | Epidemiological | The genistein group (n = 28.54 mg/capsule) and the placebo group (n = 26) took two capsules daily for 12 weeks. | 54 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 47 and 69. | It improved genistein intake, T2DM postmenopausal women’s fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum TG, total antioxidant capacity and MDA. | + | [110] |
| Randomly assigned to two. (1) Placebo; (2) Genistein 54 mg. | 120 postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (placebo, n = 60; genistein 60) | Genistein intake improved the risk of T2DM and CVD in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. | + | [113] | ||
| Genistein 250 mg (n = 41), placebo (n = 41) taken daily for 8 weeks. | 82 NAFLD patients | Improved fat metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidation and inflammatory index reduction in NAFLD patients. | + | [111] | ||
| Animal | Genistein (20 and 40 mg/kg), 8 weeks forced intake. | High-fat diet/streptozotocin injection in C57BL/6J mice. | Metabolic disorders of glucose and lipids, improved dysfunction of liver and colon. Changed intestinal flora and improved inflammation and insulin resistance. | + | [116] | |
| Genistein (20 mg/kg/day) | 30 Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. |
Improves the harmful effects of alloxans on the pancreas and intestines. GLP-1 secretory stimulation. | + | [117] | ||
| (1) Solid diet + genistein (0.25 mg/kg/day/rat); (2) Solid feed + fructose (20% fructose); (3) Solid feed + fructose (20%) + genistein (0.25 mg/kg/day/rat). | Oxidative stress and inflammation of rat serum and liver due to fructose. | Genistein improved antioxidant, anti inflammatory, HOMA-IR and lipid status in fructose-treated rats. | + | [118] | ||
| Genistein (250 mg/kg meal). | High-fat diet/streptozotocin injection in C57BL/6J mice. | Improves hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance and blood insulin levels. Promotion of islet β-cell survival. | + | [115] | ||
| Daidzein | Epidemiological | Randomly assigned to three. In addition to 10 g of soy protein daily, (1) Placebo; (2) 50 mg of daidzein, and (3) 50 mg of genistein are administered for 24 weeks. | 165 impaired glucose regulation Chinese women aged 30–70. | Daidzein and genistein have no significant effected on glucose control and insulin sensitivity. | − | [114] |
| Animal | Daidzein (50 mg/kg daily) is forced oral administration for 12 weeks. | Ovarian ablation rats (12 weeks old). | Level weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, blood lipid, TNF-α, leptin, IL-6 level reduction.Improved insulin resistance (with HOMA-IR). | + | [119] | |
| Daidzein (0.1% in the diet) | L6 myotubes, db/db mice. KK-Ay mouse | Promotes glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation, and GLUT4 translocation. Improvement of gastrocnemius AMPK phosphorylation. | + | [120] | ||
| Daidzein (25, 50, 100 mg/kg), 28 days. | Streptozotocin injection in C57BL/6J mice. | Protects retinal damage due to hyperglycemia. Preventive effects on diabetic retinopathy. | + | [121] |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin-6; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MDA, malondialdehyde; TG, triacylglycerol; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha. * +, positive relationship between isoflavone intake and reduced type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes-related pathologies.; −, no negative or no evident relation between isoflavone intake and decreased type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes-related pathologies.