Table 1.

Study variables, corresponding items, and convergent validity.

Experiences and variables				Corresponding items		Factor loading		CRa		AVEb
Game-playing experiencesc
	Attention							0.93		0.77
		Atten 1	The games’ virtual reality scenes were eye-catching.		0.86
		Atten 2	The educational games provoked my curiosity.		0.87
		Atten 3	The interactional elements of the games held my attention.		0.90
		Atten 4	The educational games were fun to play.		0.88
	Relevance							0.87		0.62
		Relev 1	The content presented in the games was relevant to my needs.		0.84
		Relev 2	The content presented in the games was relevant to my interests.		0.66
		Relev 3	The content presented in the games was useful to me.		0.76
		Relev 4	I was familiar with the content presented in the games.		0.87
	Confidence							0.80		0.57
		Confi 1	I was confident I could complete the tasks in the games.		0.71
		Confi 2	My successes in the games were a result of my own efforts.		0.70
		Confi 3	I could effectively operate the joysticks to interact with the virtual reality scenes.		0.86
	Satisfaction							0.86		0.61
		Satis 1	I could apply the content conveyed in the games in real life.		0.80
		Satis 2	I benefitted by playing the games.		0.76
		Satis 3	I felt a sense of accomplishment after finishing the tasks in the games.		0.82
		Satis 4	I was satisfied with my performance in the games.		0.73
Content-learning experiencesd
	Knowledge improvement			Fifteen true/false type questions related to smoking prevention were used to measure knowledge. Improvement was defined as postscore minus prescore.		1.00		1.00		1.00
	Perceived persuasiveness							0.91		0.70
		Persu 1	The games enhanced my awareness of smoking prevention.		0.82
		Persu 2	The games enhanced my concern regarding smoking prevention.		0.81
		Persu 3	The games enhanced my understanding of smoking-prevention methods.		0.86
		Persu 4	The games enhanced my self-efficacy in regard to practicing smoking-prevention skills.		0.86
	Intention to abstain from smoking							0.95		0.91
		Inten 1	The content of the games has made me consider abstaining from smoking.		0.95
		Inten 2	In the future, I will abstain from smoking by using the content of the games as a reference.		0.96

^aCR: composite reliability. The CR criterion was >0.7 [26].

^bAVE: average variance extracted. The AVE criterion was >0.5 [26].

^cMotivation concepts were used to measure the game-playing experiences.

^dKnowledge improvement and perceived persuasiveness were used to measure the content-learning experiences.