Table 7.
The mechanical strength of each wing bone for NW and AW in HW geese.
| Parts | Parameter | The kinds of wing |
SEM | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NWs | AWs | ||||
| Humerus | Stiffness (N/m) | 72,243.43 | 127,757.22 | 15,984.43 | 0.077 |
| Ultimate load (N) | 246.24 | 275.96 | 20.16 | 0.504 | |
| Ultimate strength (MPa) | 34.78 | 40.49 | 2.33 | 0.249 | |
| Elastic modulus (MPa) | 1,544.35 | 2,444.41 | 321.86 | 0.178 | |
| Ulna | Stiffness (N/m) | 29,930.80 | 33,299.30 | 4,321.61 | 0.728 |
| Ultimate load (N) | 71.09 | 61.49 | 0.04 | 0.611 | |
| Ultimate strength (MPa) | 115.86 | 87.68 | 13.25 | 0.324 | |
| Elastic modulus (MPa) | 10,406.32 | 7,756.01 | 1,322.77 | 0.355 | |
| Radial | Stiffness (N/m) | 87,317.48 | 10,32,272.70 | 8,235.35 | 0.372 |
| Ultimate load (N) | 176.47 | 160.20 | 8.15 | 0.357 | |
| Ultimate strength (MPa) | 119.71 | 83.25 | 11.72 | 0.125 | |
| Elastic modulus (MPa) | 7,562.61 | 6,261.47 | 918.42 | 0.521 | |
| Metacarpal | Stiffness (N/m) | 129,620.65 | 113,692.01 | 11,238.08 | 0.521 |
| Ultimate load (N) | 196.97 | 167.18 | 19.65 | 0.491 | |
| Ultimate strength (MPa) | 52.51 | 40.88 | 5.06 | 0.282 | |
| Elastic modulus (MPa) | 3,240.17 | 2,522.57 | 284.31 | 0.232 | |
| Phalanges | Stiffness (N/m) | 124,235.66 | 149,002.29 | 23,822.94 | 0.641 |
| Ultimate load (N) | 156.58 | 151.65 | 15.53 | 0.888 | |
| Ultimate strength (MPa) | 127.59 | 123.57 | 12.66 | 0.888 | |
| Elastic modulus (MPa) | 5,399.27 | 6,475.63 | 1,035.34 | 0.641 | |
NW, normal wings form normal wing geese; AW, angel wings from bilateral angel wing geese; wings were from the right-side wing of HW goose. n = 4.