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. 2021 Sep 25;13(19):3266. doi: 10.3390/polym13193266

Table 1.

Summary of the graphene nanocomposites with inorganic and polymeric materials.

Counterparts Manufacturing Methods Parameters and Conditions Applications Ref.
Graphene–Polymer Nanocomposites
Three-dimensional graphene-based polymer nanocomposite Three methods were used;

  • Three-dimensional graphene-based template

  • Polymer particle/foam template

  • Organic-molecule-cross-linked graphene

 -

  • Energy storage and conversion

  • Electromagnetic interference shielding

  • Oil/water separation

  • Sensors

 [74]
Polyaniline/GO nanocomposite Electrospinning technique

  • Detection limit: 0.01 mg/g

  • Determination of nicotine

 [75]
Polyaniline/GO nanocomposite Chemical exfoliation

  • Detection limit: 0.1 µg/L

  • Quantification limit: 0.4 µg/L

  • As adsorbent in the presence of chelating dithizone ligand to measure cadmium (II) ions in aqueous media

 [76]
Hydrogels of conjugate polymer polypyrrole (PPy)/rGO composite -

  • Surface area: 21.48 m2/g

  • As heavy metal sensors for simultaneous detection of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+

 [77]
Polylactic acid (PLA)/GO nanocomposite Solution blending and coagulation

  • PLA/GO 1 wt.%

  • Enhanced mechanical properties

 [78]
Polyurethane–GO nanocomposite -

  • Thermal stability increased to 217 °C

  • Good electrical conductivity: 1.39 × 10−9 Scm−1

  • Sensing material for optical fibers

 [79]
Polyaniline nanofibers/functionalized rGO composite films Hybrid suspension of GO and in situ polymerized polyaniline nanofibers were filtered, followed by hydrothermal treatment -

  • Composite films were uniform, flexible and stable

  • High specific capacity: 692 F/g at 1 A/g

  • As electrodes

  • High capacitance of 324.4 F/g at 1 A/g

  • Energy density: 16.3 Wh/kg at power density of 300 W/kg

 [80]
Bacterial cellulose/graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite Two-step strategy

  • Electrical conductivity: 1.7 ± 0.1 S/cm

  • Electromagnetic shielding

  • Flexible electrodes

 [81]
Graphene/Activated Carbon Nanocomposites
AG/PMB/GS/GCE Ag nanocrystals were electrodeposited on different polymer dyes, poly (methylene blue) or poly (4-(2-Pyridylazo)-Resorcinol) (PAR)-modified graphene carbon spheres (GS) hybrids

  • Detection limit: 0.15 µM

  • Sensitivity: 400 µAm/Mcm2

  • Sensor for H2O2 detection

 [82]
rGO/activated carbon nanosheet composite -

  • Specific capacitance of the electrode material by 58.2%

  • High-performance electrode material for supercapacitor

 [83]
Glucose-treated rGO–activated carbon (rGO/AC) composites Hydrothermal technique

  • Detection of glucose in range of 0.002 to 10 mM

  • Sensitivity: 61.06 µA/mMcm2

  • Response time: 4 s

  • Low detection limit: 2 µM

  • Biosensor

 [84]
Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
HBcAG/gold nanoparticles–rGO–enAu nanocomposite -

  • Lowest detection limit: 3.8 ng/mL at 3 σ/m

  • Anti-hepatitis antigen detection

 [85]
Fe-doped SnO2/rGO nanocomposite Fe-doped SnO2 was hybridized with different iron concentrations and rGOHydrothermal method -

  • Photocatalysis

 [86]
ZnO–graphene composite Hydrothermal method

  • Band gap energy: 2.84 eV

  • Photoluminescence lifetime: 21.60 ns

 [87]
TiO2/rGO nanocomposite -

  • Good catalytic activity

  • Cooking oil converted into biodiesel at a rate of 98%

  • Heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel

 [88]
GO–Cu2O nanocomposite -

  • Agglomerated Cu nanoparticles were distributed uniformly over rGO sheets at 400 °C

  • Electrical conductivity similar to GO monolayer sheets

  • Supercapacitor

 [89]
2D MnO2/rGO nanocomposite Wet chemical method at low temperature

  • Discharged specific capacity maintains at 242 mAh/g after 60 cycles at 0.1 C

  • Cathode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)

 [90]
rGO/silver nanowires (AgNWs)/Ga-doped zinc oxide (GZO) composite thin films -

  • Excellent electrical conductivity

  • Superior stability to a mono/bilayer of electrodes

  • Resistance increased to less than 5% when exposed to atmosphere for 60 days

  • Composite electrode

 [91]
rGO/CuO nanocomposite Impregnation of microsized malachite spheres on GO sheets followed by calcination at 300–500 °C for 5 h

  • Efficient nanocatalysts compared to CuO nanoparticles

  • Catalyst

 [92]
3D NiO hollow sphere/rGO composite Coordinating etching and precipitating process by using Cu2O nanosphere/GO composite as a template

  • Sensitivity: 2.04 mA mM−1cm−2

  • Response time: 5 s

  • Good stability

  • Glucose sensor

 [93]
Fe2O3/rGO composite Hydrothermal method

  • Specific discharge battery: 1366 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g (LIBs) and 318.9 F/g at 0.1 A/g

  • Electrode material for supercapacitor

  • Anode material for LIBs

 [94]
Graphene/Metal Nanocomposites
rGO/Co9S8 composites -

  • High discharge capacity: 551 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g

  • Good rate capability at 10 A/g

  • Advanced sodium-ion battery anode

  • Na3V2(PO4)3krGO/Co9S8 full cells

 [95]
Three-dimensional porous-laser-induced graphene–silver nanocomposite -

  • High uniform electrical conductivity

  • Low detection limit: 5 µM

  • Glucose sensor

 [96]
Nitrogen-doped graphene–copper nanocomposite

  • Electrical resistivity: 0.16 µΩ cm at room temperature

  • Thermal conductivity: 538 W/mK at 25 °C

  • High thermal conductivity

 [97]
SH-β-CD-rGO/Cu nanospheres nanocomposite Chemical deposition of Cu nanospheres on SH-β-CD-rGO

  • Good sensitivity

  • Low detection limit: 20 nM

  • Used for rapid and sensitive electrochemical method to determine trace 4-NP in water

 [98]