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. 2021 Oct 8;26(19):6074. doi: 10.3390/molecules26196074

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of AFW4 on the expression of NMF-related genes. HaCaT cells were incubated with AFW4 for 48 h. Afterward, the cells were harvested and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis (A) and Western blotting (B) to analyze mRNA and protein expression levels of NMF-related genes, respectively. Retinol was used as a control compound. The results were confirmed using four independent experiments. Each experiment was conducted in duplicate. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM of four independent experiments. Statistical significance of differences among the groups was assessed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test, using the GraphPad Prism 5 software. * p < 0.05 vs. control group.