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. 2021 Sep 23;13(19):3227. doi: 10.3390/polym13193227

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) SEM representation of native granular starch. Reproduced with permission from Polym. Environ., 17, Ren et al., Study on biodegradable starch/OMMT nanocomposites for packaging applications, 203–207, 2009 [53]. (b) SEM representation of thermoplastic starch. Reproduced with permission from Fibers, 6, Asrofi et al., Mechanical properties of a water hyacinth nanofiber cellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch bionanocomposite: Effect of ultrasonic vibration during processing, 1–9, 2018 [101].