Table 3.
Plasticizers and montmorillonite as nanofiller (including their wt %) in most used TPS sources.
| Starch Source | Plasticizer | Nanofiller | wt % | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylated cassava | Water | Montmorillonite | 1–10 | [69] |
| Cassava | Glycerol | Montmorillonite, alumina trihydrate | 26–37, 1–6 | [67] |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 3–5 | [133] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite, Cloisite 30B | 5 | [68] | |
| Glycerol | Na-montmorillonite (Closite® Na+) | 1–2 | [71] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 2–4 | [134] | |
| Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite, modified organo-montmorillonite | NI | [135] | |
| Cationic starch | Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite, ZnO | 3–5, 0.5–1 | [44] |
| Cereal | Glycerol | Montmorillonite/Chitosan | 3–5/0.6–1 | [49] |
| Corn | Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 1 | [43] |
| Glycerol/water | Montmorillonite clay | 3–4.5 | [86] | |
| Glycerol/water | Hydrophilic bentonite, sodium montmorillonite/Essential oils constituents | 0.5 | [47] | |
| Glycerol | Walnut shell flour/Montmorillonite (MMT) | 30–50/3–5 | [89] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 0–5 | [83] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 1–6 | [84] | |
| Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 3–5 | [136] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 1–5 | [137] | |
| Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–5 | [138] | |
| Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–8 | [138] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite clay | 1–5 | [51] | |
| Glycerol/water | Montmorillonite clay | 1–9 | [139] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite clay | 1–5 | [109] | |
| Water | Sodium montmorillonite clay | 5 | [140] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite (natural and glycerol-activated) | 1–9 | [141] | |
| Glycerol | Natural montmorillonite | 2–6 | [97] | |
| Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 1–9 | [142] | |
| Water, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol | Natural montmorillonite | 1–5 | [143] | |
| Sorbitol, formamide | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–10 | [131] | |
| Water | Natural montmorillonite, fluorohectorite | 1–3.2 | [144] | |
| Citric acid, formamide, and ethanolamine | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–10 | [145] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 0.03–0.1 (g) | [146] | |
| Corn, wheat, potato | Glycerol | Natural montmorillonite, Cloisite 30B | 3–15 | [147] |
| Granular Maize | Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 1–7 | [72] |
| Maize | Glycerol | Natural montmorillonite, Cloisite 30B | 5 | [148] |
| Glycerol | Montorillonite | 10–20 | [149] | |
| Merck starch | Glycerol | Natural montmorillonite | 1–5 | [150] |
| Pearl silver corn starch | Glycerol | Natural montmorillonite, Cloisite 30B | 1, 1–5 | [80] |
| Potato | Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–5 | [63] |
| Urea | Montmorillonite | [151] | ||
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite, kaolinite, hectorite and treated hectorite | 6–22/5–18/5–20/5–19 | [152] | |
| Glycerol | Organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B), Natural montmorillonite Sodium montmorillonite | 2.5–10 | [153] | |
| Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–5 | [63] | |
| Glycerol/water | Sodium montmorillonite | 1–1.5 | [154] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 4–8 | [155] | |
| Glycerol/water | Cloisite 30B, Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 6A and Sodium montmorillonite | 5 | [102] | |
| Sweet potato | Carbamide and ethanolamine | Sodium montmorillonite | 2–8 | [148] |
| Tapioca (Acetylated) | Glycerol | Natural and organically modified montmorillonite | 5 | [150] |
| Wheat | Glycerol | Sodium montmorillonite, Aminododecanoic-acid-treated organophilic clays | Silicate content: 0.5–7 (vol) | [80] |
| Water/Glycerol | Montmorillonite | 2–5 | [87] | |
| Glycerol | Montmorillonite, Cloisite 30B, Cloisite 10A | 1–5 | [156] |
Note: Natural montmorillonite and sodium montmorillonite refer to the same nanofiller. NI: No information reported.