Table 5.

Plasticizers and other nanofillers (including their wt %) in most used TPS sources.

Starch Source	Plasticizer	Nanofiller	wt %	Reference
NI	Glycerol	Chitin nanofibers	3–10	[166]
	Glycerol	Silver nanoparticles	0.5–1	[90]
Cassava	Glycerol	Chitosan-modified Veegum® HS clay (smectite)	2.5–5	[65]
	Glycerol	Sepiolite	1–5	[66]
	Glycerol	Sepiolite	1–5	[167]
	Glycerol	Silver nanoparticles	0.006–0.15	[168]
	Glycerol	Halloysite nanotubes	2	[169]
	Glycerol	Halloysite nanoclay	1–5	[170]
	Glycerol	Halloysite nanotubes	2–8	[171]
Corn	Glycerol	Talc nanoparticles	1–5	[87]
	Glycerol	Graphene quantum dots (GQD)	0.05–0.5	[88]
	Glycerol	Laponite	1–5	[172]
	Glycerol	Carboxylate multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CMWNTs)	0.5–3	[173]
	Glycerol	Bentonite, chitosan	4	[174]
	Glycerol	Talc nanoparticles	0–5	[175]
	Glycerol	Bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW)	2–20	[50]
	Glycerol	Talc	1–5	[176]
	Glycerol	Bentonite, organically modified montmorillonite	40–50	[76]
	Glycerol	Beta-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles	3–10	[177]
	Glycerol	Nanoclay: bentonite (H2Al2O6Si)	1–5	[178]
	Sorbitol	Cardanol oil, in situ silver nanoparticles	0.2–0.6, 1–4 (mmol)	[179]
	Glycerol	Graphene oxide nanoplatelets, cellulose nanofibers	1–5, 5–15	[119]
Maize	Glycerol	Lanthanum hydroxide nanoparticles	1–3	[180]
	Ethyl vinyl acetate	Bentonite		[45]
	Glycerol	Zirconium glycine-N,N-dimethylphosphonate (ZGDMP)	0.2–1	[77]
Pea	Glycerol	Acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)	0.1–3	[80]
	Glycerol	Natural bentonite	1	[78]
	Polyethylene glycol and glycerol	Particles of AgNO3, Silver	2.5–5, 0.5–1	[90]
Pomegranate	Glycerol	Halloysite nanoclay	3–7	[46]
	Glycerol	Talc, bentonite	1–5, 1–5	[59]
Potato	Glycerol	Bacterial cellulose (BC) nanoribbons		[60]
	Glycerol	Kaolin clay	5–15	[181]
	Glycerol	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)	0.25–10	[2]
Tapioca	Glycerol	Kaolinite	10–60	[182]
	Glycerol, urea, ethanolamine	Halloysites nanotubes	6	[54]

NI: No information reported.