| TAK1 | Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 |
| NF- κB | Nuclear factor-κB |
| AP-1 | Activator protein-1 |
| MAPKs | Mitogen-activated protein kinases |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
| PGE2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
| COX-2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
| IL-1 β | Interleukin-1β |
| IL-6 | Interleukin 6 |
| TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
| MKK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
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