Table 1.
Neuropharmacological mechanisms of polydatin against different NDDs.
| NDDs | Methods | Models | Neuropharmacological Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓MDA, ↑CAT, ↑SOD | [44] |
| Doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓Nrf2, ↑NF-κB, ↓caspase-3, ↓caspase-9 | [45,46] | |
| HIBI | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓Memory deficient, ↑BDNF | [47] | |
| Chronic ethanol exposure | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↑Cell survival, ↓cdk5, ↓functional defects | [48] | |
| Polymerization of Aβ | in vitro: Aβ25–35 | ↓Aβ25–35 polymerization | [49,50] | |
| D-galactose-induced | in vitro: DPPH in vivo: Male Kunming mice |
↑Body weight, ↓MDA, ↑CAT, ↑SOD, ↑GSH, ↓IL-1β, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓ Bax/Bcl-2, ↓caspase-3 | [30] | |
| PD | Rotenone-induced | in vitro: Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y | ↓Mitochondrial dysfunction, Atg5-mediated autophagy, modulating MMP, ↑Sirt 1, ↓ROS |
[57] |
| LPS-induced | in vitro: Microglial BV-2 cells in vivo: Wistar rats |
↑p-GSK-3β, ↑p-Akt, ↑Ser9, ↑Nrf2, ↓NF-κB |
[62] | |
| MPTP-induced | in vivo: Adult male BALB/c mice | ↑Glycolysis, ↑ATP production, ↓motor dysfunction | [65] | |
| Rotenone-induced | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↑ATP, ↑SOD, ↑thioredoxin, |
[61] | |
| in vitro: Dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells | ↑MAPK, ↓caspase-3, caspase-7, ↓LPO, ↑ERK1/2/5 | [67] | ||
| TBI/SCI | Brain injury | in vivo: Wistar albino male rats |
↓MDA, ↑antioxidant potential | [93] |
| SCI | in vitro: murine microglia BV2 cells in vivo: Sprague-Dawley rats |
↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↓caspase-3, ↓Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | [34] | |
| Oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation-induced mitochondrial injury | in vivo: C57BL/6J mice in vitro: SMNs |
↑Intracellular calcium levels, ↑mPTP, ↓ROS, ↓apoptosis, ↑ATP, ↓Keap1, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑NQO-1 | [73] | |
| Neuronal differentiation of BMSCs | in vivo: C57BL/6 mice in vitro: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) |
↑Nrf2 | [74,75] | |
| Secondary damage of TBI | in vivo: TBI mouse model in vitro: Neuro2A cells |
↓GPx, ↑MDA, ↓accumulation of free Fe2+ | [76] | |
| SCI | in vivo: Sprague-Dawley rats in vitro: Murine microglia BV2 cells |
↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓NO, ↓iNOS, ↓ IL-6, ↓NF-κB | [94] | |
| D-galactose-induced | in vivo: Male Kunming mice in vitro: DPPH |
↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓ caspase-3, ↓Bax/Bcl-2 | [30] | |
| Stroke | MCAO | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↓ROS, ↓p38, ↑Gli1, ↑Ptch1, ↑SOD1 |
[82,83] |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | in vivo: Wistar rat | ↑Neurological function, ↑NO, ↑SOD, ↑MDA, ↑GSSG, ↑GSH, ↑Nrf2 | [95] | |
| MCAO | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↑Bcl-2, ↓IL-1β, ↓TNF-α, ↓ IL-6, ↓Bax, ↓caspases-3/9 | [37] | |
| Ischemia–reperfusion injury | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓CAMs, ↓E-selectin, ↓L-selectin, ↓ICAM-1 | [85] | |
| OGD | in vitro: Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats |
↑MALAT1, ↑CREB, ↑PGC-1α | [81] | |
| MCAO | in vivo: Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓Edema, ↓apoptosis, p53/Notch1 modulation | [86] | |
| OGD | in vitro: PC12 cell | ↓CREB, ↓HIF-1α, ↓p56, ↓Egr1, ↑Ngb, ↓NO | [87,88,89] | |
| Hypoxia/ischemia and oxidative stress-induced injury | in vitro: N2a cells | ↓CREB, ↑BDNF, ↑Shh, ↑Ngb, ↓apoptosis | [19,92] |
AD: Alzheimer’s disease, Akt: Protein kinase B, Atg5: Autophagy Related 5, ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, Aβ: Amyloid beta, Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, CAT: Catalase, Cdk5: Cyclin dependent kinase 5, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Egr1: Early growth response 1, ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, GRP78: Glucose-regulated protein, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, GSH: Glutathione, GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSSG: Glutathione disulfide, HEK-293T: Human embryonic kidney cells, HIBI: Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1, ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, IL: Interleukin, iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, LPO: Lipid peroxidation, LPS: Lipopolysaccharides, MALAT1: Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion, MDA: Malondialdehyde, MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase, MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Ngb: Neuroglobin, NO: Nitric oxide, Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, OGD: Oxygen-glucose deprivation, PD: Parkinson’s disease, PTCH1: Protein patched homolog 1, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, SCI: Spinal cord injury, SMNs: spinal motor neurons, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, TBI: Traumatic brain injury, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α.