Table 4.

Summary of bioactivity in Veratrum californicum alkaloids.

Alkaloid	Method of Testing	Efficacy	Reference
Cyclopamine (1)	Inhibition of growth of estrogen receptor positive cell line MCF7	Significant effects at both 10 and 20 µM	[59]
	Inhibition of proliferation of HEL and TF1a cells	Strong effect at 40 µM	[60]
	Induced apoptosis in human erythroleukemia cells	40 µM	[60]
	Inhibition of growth of LNCaP C4-2B cells	Significant inhibition at 100 nmol/L and IC50 of 11 µmol/L.	[61]
	Decreased cell viability	<75% viability at 20 µM with 50 ng/mL TRAIL in TRAIL-resistant AGS cells	[62]
	Inhibition of hRSV infection in vitro	IC50 of 36 nM	[100]
	Reduction of lung hRSV titers	Reduction by 1.5 logs at 100 mg/kg	[100]
Veratramine (2)	Inhibition of progression of human prostate metastatic cancer cell line PC-3	<40% proliferation at 50 µM dose	[82]
	Inhibition of progression of human prostate metastatic cancer cell line PC-3	<20% migration at 50 µM dose	[82]
	Number of DNA-strand breaks in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of mice	In both cerebellum and cerebral cortex: >0.5 µm tail moment with 0.25 µmol/kg dose, >1.0 µm tail moment with 2.5 µmol/kg	[83]
Isorubijervine (3)	Inhibition of rNaV1.3	IC50 of 12.14 ± 0.77 µM	[32]
	Inhibition of rNaV1.4	IC50 of 9.82 ± 0.84 µM	[32]
	Inhibition of rNaV1.5	IC50 of 6.962 ± 0.422 µM	[32]
	Inhibition of rNaV1.5	5 µM dose led to 41% decrease in current	[32]
	Lethal dose in mice	LD50 of 1.14 mg/kg	[32]
Muldamine (4)	Blocks action potential in squid and crayfish giant axons	Little or no depolarization at 1 × 10−4 M	[101]
Verazine (7)	Antifungal	Minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.2 µg/mL for C. albicans	[90]
	Antifungal	Minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.1 µg/mL for T. rubrum	[90]
	Inhibition of melanogenesis in B16 FI mouse melanoma cells	IC50 < 1 µg/mL	[28]
Etioline (8)	Inhibition of hepatitis B in PLC/PRF/5 cells	EC50 of 2.67 µg/mL	[91]
Dihydrojervine (10)	Inhibition of progression of human prostate metastatic cancer cell line PC-3	<40% proliferation at 50 µM dose	[82]