Table 3.

Studies included in the systematic review assessing sleep and insulin, glucose, or insulin sensitivity

Source	Study design	Subjects	Age range/mean	Sleep parameter	Outcome variables	Results
Alqaderi (2017)	Longitudinal	6316 Kuwaiti	Mean age = 9.9	Sleep timing (bedtime): Child self-report	Salivary glucose levels	Higher glucose level mediated relationship between later bedtime and higher waist circumference
Carson (2016)	Cross-sectional	1242 Canadians	Mean age = 12.4	Sleep duration: Parent and child self-report	Insulin	No association between sleep and insulin
De Bernardi Rodrigues (2016)	Cross sectional	615 Brazilian	10–19 Mean age = 15.9	Sleep duration: Child self-report	HOMA-IR	Adolescents with sleep deprivation had lower insulin sensitivity than those with adequate sleep
Derks (2017)	Longitudinal	5161 Dutch	Mean age = 6.1	Sleep duration: Parent report	Insulin	No significant relationship between sleep and insulin levels
Dorenbos (2015)	Cross-sectional	137 Dutch Overweight and Obese	10–18 Mean age = 14.4	Sleep cycles and sleep duration: polysomnography	HOMA-IR	Sleep duration and sleep efficiency were negatively associated with HOMA-IR in pre-pubertal girls
Pacheco (2017)	Retrospective cohort study	41	5–17 Mean age = 10	Sleep duration: polysomnography	HOMA-IR	HOMA-IR negatively associated with stage 3 short wave sleep
Peplies (2016)	Longitudinal	3348 European	3–11 Mean age = 6.4	Sleep duration: SACINA questionnaire (parent report)	HOMA-IR	Sleep ≤9 h was associated with greater HOMA-IR in crude model for normal weight
Plumptre (2017)	Cohort study	597 Canadian	2–8 Mean age = 2.3	Sleep duration: Parent report	Glucose	No significant relationship between sleep and glucose
Rudnicka (2017)	Cross-sectional	4525 British	9–10	Sleep duration: Child self-report	HOMA-IR Blood glucose	Sleep duration was negatively associated with insulin, HOMA-IR and glucose
Sayin (2016)	Cross-sectional	108 Turkish Obese	10–15 Mean age = 13.04	Sleep duration: Sleep Heart Health Questionnaire (child self-report)	Glucose HOMA-IR	HOMA-IR values were highest in those sleeping <8 h. No relationship between sleep and glucose.
Shaw (2016)	Randomized controlled trial	14	11.3–14.1	Sleep disruption: polysomnography	Glucose Insulin	No associations found between sleep and glucose or insulin
Sluggett (2016)	Cross-sectional	1690 Canadians	6–17	Sleep duration: Child self-report or parent report	Insulin	Short sleepers significantly more likely to have hyperinsulinemia; association not significant after controlling for age, sex, chronic disease, education and income.
Zhu (2015)	Cross-sectional	118 Chinese	Mean age = 13.1	Sleep duration, sleep stages: polysomnography	Glucose Insulin sensitivity Insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2	Sleep duration, sleep efficiency and percent of TST in stage 3 negatively associated with glucose and positively associated with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2.