Table 3.
The characteristics of fibrous scaffolds applied in cell delivery and TE intended for treating DM
| Type of polymer/material | Incorporated/modified agents | Diameter of fibers (nm) | Applied cell type to differentiation | Main achievement/application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 | –a | 10 | Rat insulinoma cells | A proper cell-encapsulating network for enhanced activity and proliferation of IPCs | [110] |
| Heparin mimetic peptide amphiphilic | VEGF and FGF2 | 20–30 | Pancreatic islet | Nanofiber gel platform for islet culture and transplantation | [95] |
| PCL | – | 200 | hiPSCs | An ideal scaffold for differentiation of hiPSCs in 3D culture | [70] |
| SF and pig pancreatic decellularized ECM | – | 97–707 | Mouse islet | A promising candidate for pancreatic TE | [111] |
| CA, PES, and PTFE | – | 365 ± 136 (CA), 224 ± 140 (PES), 261 ± 140 (PTFE) | – | Potential for islet cell encapsulation application | [112] |
| PVA /Silicone | VEGF | 4–10 | Mouse islet | The ECM to improve the vitality of subcutaneous islet transplantation | [113] |
| SF/PLA | – | – |
Conjunctiva MSCs |
A potential supportive matrix for islet TE | [102] |
| Polyamide | Laminin | – | Pancreatic β cell | Providing an ECM-like system for islet culture | [114] |
| PCL/poly-D-lysine | MIN6 cell membrane | 50–280 | Pancreatic β cell | As scaffolds to culture beta cells | [115] |
| PES | – | – | hiPSCs | A 3D matrix to enhance pancreatic differentiation of hiPSCs | [116] |
| PES | Collagen coating | – | hiPSCs | As a potential scaffold for pancreatic TE and regenerative medicine applications | [117] |
| PLLA/PVA | Oxygen modification | – | hiPSCs | As an ideal scaffold to provide a microenvironment for pancreatic differentiation | [118] |
| PLLA/PVA | – | – | hADSCs | A suitable option in pancreatic TE | [119] |
| PLA/CS | – | 70,000 | Human Wharton’s jelly MSCs | A precursor for cell transplantation for diabetes treatment | [120] |
| PLA/CS | – | 70–100 | EnCSs | An ideal scaffold for IPCs development for diabetes mellitus cell therapy | [121] |
| Silk | – | – | hiPSCs | A great potential to use in clinical pancreatic TE application | [122] |
| Silk/PES | – | – | hADSCs | As a supportive matrix to mimic 3D in vivo microenvironment | [123] |
| PHBV | – | 900 ± 600 | hiPSCs | As a promising cell-copolymer construct for pancreatic TE | [124] |
| PVA | Oxygen plasma | – | hADSCs | A new approach for pancreatic TE and β cell replacement therapies | [125] |
| PCL/PVA | – | – | hiPSCs | A new approach to beta-like cells replacement therapies and pancreatic TE | [126] |
| Polyacrylonitrile | – | 250 | Human endometrial cells | Transplantation of pancreatic precursor from endometrium for the treatment of diabetes | [127] |
| PCL/gelatin | – | – | Rat CD93+ hematopoietic stem cells | As a more appropriate tissue‐engineered construct in DW repair | [128] |
| PCL/pluronic-F-127 | – | – | Bone marrow MSCs | Personalized 3D scaffolds with controlled structure for DW healing | [129] |
| Natural and artificial acellular dermal matrix | Graphene oxide- PEG-mediated quercetin | – | MSCs | A suitable architecture and environment for cell attachment and proliferation | [130] |
aNot available data in the article
PCL polycaprolactone, hiPSCs human-induced pluripotent stem cells, CS Chitosan, SF silk fibroin, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2, TE tissue engineering, ECM extracellular matrix, CA cellulose acetate, PES polyethersulfone, PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene, PVA polyvinyl alcohol, PLA polylactic acid, PLLA poly (l-lactic acid), MSC mesenchymal stem cell, hADSC human adipose-derived stem cells, hESCs human embryonic stem cells, EnSCs endometrial stem cells, IPCs insulin-producing cells, PHBV poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), PEG polyethylene glycol