Table 4.
Maternal and neonatal outcome
| Outcome | All | Soybean intake < 40 g/d | Soybean intake ≥40 g/d | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal outcome | ||||
| GDM n (%) * | 36 (16.1) | 27 (21.6) | 9 (9.1) | 0.011 |
| OGTT fasting glucose (mean ± SD, mmol/L) | 4.22 ± 0.36 | 4.26 ± 0.37 | 4.17 ± 0.35 | 0.063 |
| OGTT 1 h glucose (mean ± SD, mmol/L) | 7.72 ± 1.81 | 7.91 ± 1.86 | 7.48 ± 1.74 | 0.081 |
| OGTT 2 h glucose (mean ± SD, mmol/L) | 6.82 ± 1.38 | 6.94 ± 1.36 | 6.68 ± 1.38 | 0.158 |
| HbA1c (mean ± SD, %) | 4.62 ± 0.29 | 4.65 ± 0.30 | 4.58 ± 0.27 | 0.099 |
| Fasting glucose (third trimester, mean ± SD, mmol/L) | 4.79 ± 0.95 | 4.84 ± 0.90 | 4.73 ± 1.02 | 0.500 |
| PIH n (%) * | 7 (3.1) | 4 (3.4) | 3 (3.2) | 0.999 |
| Delivery gestational age (mean ± SD, weeek) | 39.05 ± 1.48 | 39.00 ± 1.53 | 39.10 ± 1.42 | 0.626 |
| Weight gain (mean ± SD, kg) | 13.00 ± 4.00 | 12.88 ± 3.85 | 13.13 ± 4.18 | 0.654 |
| Delivery mode n (%) * | 0.037 | |||
| Vaginal delivery | 93 (41.5) | 44 (37.3) | 49 (51.6) | |
| Cesarean section | 120 (53.6) | 74 (62.7) | 46 (48.4) | |
| Missing | 11 (4.9) | – | – | |
| Postpartum hemorrhage n (%) * | 16 (7.1) | 10 (8.5) | 6 (6.3) | 0.552 |
| Preterm birth n (%) * | 17 (7.6) | 10 (8.5) | 7 (7.4) | 0.767 |
| PROM n (%) * | 51 (22.8) | 25 (21.2) | 26 (27.4) | 0.293 |
| Newborn outcome | ||||
| Macrosomia (≥4000 g) n (%) * | 9 (4.0) | 7 (5.9) | 2 (2.1) | 0.300 |
| Birth weight (mean ± SD, g) | 3231.29 ± 473.83 | 3225.34 ± 483.07 | 3238.68 ± 464.55 | 0.839 |
| Height (mean ± SD, cm) | 49.61 ± 2.1 | 49.53 ± 2.17 | 49.71 ± 2.02 | 0.533 |
Note: M mean, SD standard deviation, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, PROM premature rupture of membrane, g/d gram per day
Categorical variables (*) were described as frequency (percentage). Continuous variables were described as mean (standardization). Independent t-test and chi-square test (*) were used. A P-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant