Table 1.
Means and standard deviation (in parentheses) by demographic variables
| Characteristics | Fear of COVID-19 | Perceived seriousness | Knowledge of health behaviors | Knowledge of restrictions | Physical distancing | Hand washing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (n = 542) | 16.37 (5.60) | 4.23 (0.96) | 3.62 (0.63) | 3.70 (0.59) | 3.58 (0.73) | 3.61 (0.78) |
| Female (n = 487) | 17.13 (5.73) | 4.20 (0.97) | 3.67 (0.61) | 3.76 (0.54) | 3.69 (0.80) | 3.65 (0.72) |
| p valuea | < .05* | > .05 | > .05 | > .05 | < .01** | > .05 |
| Marital statusb | ||||||
| Single (n = 430) | 16.70 (5.97) | 4.20 (0.99) | 3.58 (0.65) | 3.68 (0.60) | 3.60 (0.79) | 3.52 (0.88) |
| Married (n = 559) | 16.84 (5.34) | 4.23 (0.94) | 3.68 (0.60) | 3.77 (0.54) | 3.65 (0.76) | 3.70 (0.65) |
| p valuea | > .05 | > .05 | < .01** | < .01** | > .05 | < .01** |
| Education level | ||||||
| High school or less (n = 214) | 17.15 (5.48) | 4.33 (0.96) | 3.66 (0.64) | 3.69 (0.64) | 3.51 (0.93) | 3.61 (0.80) |
| Diploma (n = 94) | 16.84 (6.50) | 4.27 (1.06) | 3.68 (0.71) | 3.74 (0.60) | 3.56 (0.78) | 3.57 (0.76) |
| Bachelor (n = 522) | 16.75 (5.81) | 4.25 (0.91) | 3.60 (0.62) | 3.72 (0.55) | 3.66 (0.70) | 3.62 (0.74) |
| Master/PhD (n = 199) | 16.18 (5.08) | 3.96 (1.04) | 3.73 (0.55) | 3.79 (0.51) | 3.72 (0.72) | 3.70 (0.72) |
| p valuec | > .05 | < .01** | < .01** | > .05 | < .05* | > .05 |
| Employment | ||||||
| Student (n = 311) | 16.46 (5.90) | 4.22 (1.02) | 3.57 (0.67) | 3.67 (0.62) | 3.62 (0.81) | 3.51 (0.91) |
| Employed (n = 486) | 16.71 (5.67) | 4.19 (0.96) | 3.70 (0.59) | 3.77 (0.53) | 3.66 (0.71) | 3.67 (0.71) |
| Unemployed (n = 169) | 17.25 (5.52) | 4.20 (0.95) | 3.69 (0.57) | 3.76 (0.54) | 3.60 (0.91) | 3.62 (0.65) |
| Retired (n = 63) | 16.84 (4.97) | 4.43 (0.73) | 3.52 (0.67) | 3.63 (0.66) | 3.63 (0.60) | 3.87 (0.34) |
| p valuec | < .05* | > .05 | < .01** | < .05* | > .05 | < .01** |
| Monthly incomed | ||||||
| 9999 or less (n = 589) | 16.79 (5.90) | 4.25 (0.95) | 3.60 (0.67) | 3.70 (0.61) | 3.59 (0.82) | 3.56 (0.80) |
| 10,000–15,999 (n = 208) | 16.80 (5.16) | 4.23 (0.99) | 3.74 (0.53) | 3.81 (0.45) | 3.66 (0.77) | 3.68 (0.73) |
| 16,000 or more (n = 232) | 16.53 (5.54) | 4.11 (0.99) | 3.68 (0.55) | 3.74 (0.55) | 3.72 (0.63) | 3.75 (0.61) |
| p valuec | > .05 | > .05 | < .05* | > .05 | > .05 | < .01** |
| Region | ||||||
| Central (n = 227) | 17.09 (5.83) | 4.20 (0.99) | 3.67 (0.61) | 3.80 (0.49) | 3.70 (0.76) | 3.69 (0.65) |
| Northern (n = 77) | 17.12 (5.15) | 4.31 (0.80) | 3.58 (0.64) | 3.71 (0.51) | 3.65 (0.82) | 3.68 (0.68) |
| Southern (n = 241) | 16.55 (6.17) | 4.17 (1.07) | 3.62 (0.67) | 3.68 (0.63) | 3.53 (0.82) | 3.53 (0.84) |
| Eastern (n = 114) | 16.03 (5.24) | 4.18 (0.94) | 3.65 (0.61) | 3.71 (0.59) | 3.68 (0.71) | 3.68 (0.63) |
| Western (n = 370) | 16.77 (5.48) | 4.24 (0.92) | 3.65 (0.60) | 3.73 (0.57) | 3.65 (0.74) | 3.62 (0.80) |
| p valuec | > .05 | > .05 | > .05 | > .05 | < .05* | > .05 |
aMann-Whitney U test; bdue to small numbers of participants being divorced (n = 34) and widowed (n = 6), these categories were not included in the above analyses; cKruskal-Wallis test; dSaudi Riyal; *p < .05; **p < .01