Table 2.
Characteristics associated with ciprofloxacin and MDR+FQ resistance* among cases with typhoid, 2014–2019 in multivariable logistic regression models
|
Characteristic |
Crude OR |
Adjusted OR |
(95 % CI) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ciprofloxacin resistance model:† |
|
|
|
|
|
Travel to Pakistan |
6.1 |
32.0 |
(15.4–66.4) |
< 0.001 |
|
Travel to India |
3.4 |
21.9 |
(11.6–41.2) |
< 0.001 |
|
Travel to Bangladesh |
0.7 |
6.2 |
(2.8–13.6) |
< 0.001 |
|
Adjustment for Time (per year) |
1.3 |
1.2 |
(1.0–1.4) |
0.025 |
|
MDR+FQ resistance model:‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
Travel to Pakistan |
10.9 |
3.5 |
(2.4–5.2) |
< 0.001 |
|
Travel to India |
0.03 |
0.07 |
(0.04–0.15) |
< 0.001 |
*MDR+FQ resistance=multi drug resistance (to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole) plus fluoroquinolone resistance (to ciprofloxacin).
†Among 1025 cases with known travel history or close link to a known traveller tested for ciprofloxacin resistance.
‡Among 1024 with known travel history or close link to a known traveller tested for resistance all four antimicrobials.