Fig 4. Percent canopy shade was significant in explaining S. pedunculata saplings mortality (a, GLM with binomial distribution and logit link function) and growth (b, GLM with a Gaussian distribution) after the first year.

Boxplots (a) display the median, interquartile range (25^th to 75^th percentile), variability outside upper and lower quartiles (whiskers) and outliers. Significance levels are reported as: [*] p < 0.05; [***] p < 0.001.