Figure 2.

Dectin-2 mediates cytokine response to Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. A, Patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with A. fumigatus swollen conidia at a ratio of 1:1 or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. Cytokine levels in supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Graphs show mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) from 41 patients with wild-type (WT) Dectin-2 and 1 patient homozygous for mutant Dectin-2. Patient results are additionally stratified by their invasive aspergillosis status. B, Bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from WT and Dectin-2 knockout (KO) mice were stimulated with A. fumigatus conidia at a ratio of 1:1 for 24 hours. Cytokine levels in supernatants were measured by ELISA. Graphs show mean ± SEM from 4 independent experiments, 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on transformed data with Bonferroni posttest. C, BMDCs from WT and Dectin-2 KO mice were stimulated with C. albicans at a ratio of 1:1 or LPS for 24 hours. Amphotericin B was added after 2 hours and supernatants were harvested after 24 hours. Graphs show mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, 2-way ANOVA on transformed data with Bonferroni posttest. *P < .05; **P < .005; ***P < .001. Abbreviations: A.f., Aspergillus fumigatus; C.a., Candida albicans; IA, invasive aspergillosis; IL-6, interleukin 6; KO, knockout; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Un, unstimulated; WT, wild-type.