Table 2.
Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and severe COVID-19 outcomes among people living with HIV
|
SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis |
Severe COVID-19 outcomes |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI); n=13 142 | p value | Adjusted HR (95% CI); n=10 227* | p value | HR (95% CI); n=13 142 | p value | Adjusted HR (95% CI); n=10 227* | p value | ||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Male | 1·06 (0·87–1·27) | 0·58 | 1·15 (0·68–1·95) | 0·61 | 0·82 (0·51–1·32) | 0·42 | 0·70 (0·26–1·87) | 0·47 | |
| Age, years | |||||||||
| 16–39 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 40–64 | 0·65 (0·56–0·76) | <0·0001 | 0·70 (0·58–0·85) | <0·0001 | 1·73 (1·00–2·97) | 0·05 | 1·03 (0·54–1·95) | 0·94 | |
| 65–74 | 0·68 (0·47–0·98) | 0·036 | 0·65 (0·42–1·02) | 0·059 | 3·38 (1·54–7·46) | <0·0001 | 1·53 (0·58–4·00) | 0·39 | |
| ≥75 | 0·79 (0·43–1·45) | 0·45 | 1·00 (0·53–1·90) | >0·99 | 7·10 (2·78–18·14) | <0·0001 | 3·57 (1·21–10·51) | 0·021 | |
| Place of birth | |||||||||
| Spain | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Outside Spain | 1·64 (1·42–1·89) | <0·0001 | 1·55 (1·31–1·83) | <0·0001 | 1·40 (0·95–2·06) | 0·09 | 2·34 (1·46–3·75) | <0·0001 | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Least deprived | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Mildly deprived | 0·76 (0·62–0·94) | 0·012 | 0·87 (0·69–1·10) | 0·26 | 0·56 (0·30–1·05) | 0·07 | 0·58 (0·29–1·16) | 0·13 | |
| Most deprived | 1·06 (0·91–1·25) | 0·45 | 1·20 (0·99–1·45) | 0·057 | 1·02 (0·66–1·57) | 0·92 | 1·13 (0·69–1·84) | 0·63 | |
| HIV transmission group | |||||||||
| Male heterosexual | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| PWID | 0·63 (0·45–0·88) | 0·0001 | 0·66 (0·44–0·98) | 0·040 | 1·28 (0·64–2·55) | 0·48 | 0·90 (0·36–2·21) | 0·81 | |
| MSM | 1·31 (1·04–1·65) | 0·021 | 1·42 (1·09–1·86) | 0·0098 | 0·88 (0·48–1·59) | 0·67 | 1·49 (0·75–3·00) | 0·26 | |
| Female heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual | 1·24 (0·93–1·64) | 0·14 | 1·47 (0·79–2·71) | 0·22 | 1·10 (0·53–2·28) | 0·79 | 0·75 (0·21–2·70) | 0·66 | |
| Other | 1·18 (0·82–1·68) | 0·37 | 1·12 (0·73–1·73) | 0·59 | 1·12 (0·45–2·77) | 0·81 | 1·00 (0·33–3·00) | 0·99 | |
| CD4 count, cells per μL | |||||||||
| ≥500 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 200–499 | 1·09 (0·91–1·29) | 0·36 | 1·14 (0·94–1·39) | 0·19 | 1·75 (1·13–2·71) | 0·01 | 1·41 (0·86–2·31) | 0·17 | |
| <200 | 1·11 (0·74–1·66) | 0·60 | 1·34 (0·84–2·13) | 0·21 | 3·11 (1·49–6·50) | <0·0001 | 1·87 (0·76–4·62) | 0·17 | |
| Plasma HIV RNA viral load | |||||||||
| Undetectable | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Detectable | 0·83 (0·62–1·10) | 0·20 | 0·80 (0·59–1·08) | 0·15 | 1·87 (1·06–3·30) | 0·03 | 1·73 (0·93–3·23) | 0·083 | |
| Backbone ART | |||||||||
| Other | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Tenofovir alafenamide | 0·99 (0·72–1·37) | 0·96 | 0·97 (0·68–1·38) | 0·86 | 0·96 (0·42–2·24) | 0·93 | 1·42 (0·51–3·99) | 0·50 | |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate | 0·85 (0·56–1·30) | 0·45 | 0·83 (0·52–1·33) | 0·45 | 0·83 (0·28–2·48) | 0·74 | 1·47 (0·41–5·26) | 0·56 | |
| Abacavir plus lamivudine | 0·99 (0·71–1·39) | 0·96 | 1·04 (0·72–1·50) | 0·82 | 0·76 (0·31–1·85) | 0·55 | 0·99 (0·34–2·87) | 0·98 | |
| Number of comorbidities | |||||||||
| 0 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 1 | 0·95 (0·79–1·15) | 0·60 | 1·04 (0·84–1·28) | 0·74 | 5·51 (2·08–14·61) | <0·0001 | 5·90 (1·97–17·65) | <0·0001 | |
| 2 | 1·08 (0·88–1·33) | 0·47 | 1·25 (0·98–1·59) | 0·07 | 7·64 (2·85–20·47) | <0·0001 | 8·48 (2·76–26·01) | <0·0001 | |
| 3 | 0·96 (0·74–1·24) | 0·74 | 1·23 (0·90–1·68) | 0·19 | 15·09 (5·71–39·84) | <0·0001 | 18·77 (6·15–57·33) | <0·0001 | |
| ≥4 | 1·02 (0·80–1·29) | 0·89 | 1·46 (1·09–1·97) | 0·01 | 20·01 (7·85–50·99) | <0·0001 | 22·63 (7·42–68·97) | <0·0001 | |
HRs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. ART=antiretroviral therapy. HR=hazard ratio. MSM=men who have sex with men. PWID=people who inject drugs.
*
Model adjusted for sex, age, country of origin, socioeconomic status, HIV transmission group, backbone ART, plasma HIV RNA viral load (detectable or undetectable), CD4 cell count (<200 cells per μL, 200–499 cells per μL, and ≥500 cells per μL), and number of comorbidities.