Table 1.

Examples of DNA methylation with cancer metastasis.

Gene name	DNA methylation location/level	Cancer types	Samples	Refs
POPDC1, POP1	Promoter, hypermethylation	Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), adenomatous polyps	Human tissues, CRC cell lines, athymic mice	[64]
Akr1b1, Hoxb4, Rasgrf2, Rassf1, Hist1h3c, Tm6sf1	High cumulative methylation index	Breast cancer	Serum, 182 women	[20]
IRX1	Hypomethylation	Osteosarcoma	2 cell lines, serum from 67 primary osteosarcoma	[21]
Genome-scale analyses of DNA methylation	High consistency of hypermethylation across metastases	Lethal metastatic prostate cancer	Tissue, 71 specimens from each of 13 subjects	[65]
2481 differentially methylated regions	CpG island, flanking regions, and CpG sparse promoters	Prostate cancer	17 tissues, 6 cell lines	[66]
HOP homeobox HOPX	Promoter, hypermethylation	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	443 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) NPC tissues, 5 human NPC cell lines	[67]
47 genes (RDBP), 48 CpGs significant association	Hypermethylation	Pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma	310 tumors were obtained from patients, 67 with metastases	[68]