Table 2.

Comparison of exercise characteristics and thermoregulatory responses between the control condition and the Tokyo condition

	Control condition	Tokyo condition	p value
Exercise characteristics
Time to exhaustion (min)	60 ± 14	44 ± 10	< 0.001*
Peak power output (W)	230 ± 63	193 ± 54	< 0.001*
Peak power output (W/kg)	3.1 ± 1.0	2.6 ± 0.8	< 0.001*
Resting HR (bpm)	74 ± 12	82 ± 14	< 0.001*
Exercise-induced increase in HR (bpm)	105 ± 14	101 ± 15	0.005*
Peak HR (bpm)	179 ± 12	182 ± 11	< 0.001*
WBSR (L/h)	0.8 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.6	< 0.001*
Dehydration (%)	1.1 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.5	< 0.001*
Thermoregulatory responses
Resting Tgi (°C)	37.1 ± 0.4	37.1 ± 0.4	0.23
Exercise-induced increase in Tgi (°C)	1.5 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.6	< 0.001*
Exercise-induced increase rate in Tgi (°C/h)	1.6 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.8	< 0.001*
Peak Tgi (°C)	38.7 ± 0.4	38.9 ± 0.6	< 0.001*
Resting Tsk (°C)	30.5 ± 0.7	33.6 ± 0.7	< 0.001*
Exercise-induced increase in Tsk (°C)	1.8 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 0.9	< 0.001*
Peak Tsk (°C)	32.3 ± 1.1	36.7 ± 0.6	< 0.001*
Subjective outcomes
Resting thermal sensation (au)	− 2 (− 3 to 1)	1 (0–3)	< 0.001*
Peak thermal sensation (au)	3 (0–3)	3 (2–3)	< 0.001*
Resting thermal comfort (au)	2 (1–4)	1 (1–3)	< 0.001*
Peak thermal comfort (au)	4 (1–4)	4 (2–4)	< 0.001*
Resting RPE (au)	6 (6–10)	6 (6–10)	0.47
Peak RPE (au)	20 (14–20)	20 (12–20)	0.11

Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range)

au arbitrary units, bpm beats per minute, HR heart rate, RPE rating of perceived exertion, T_gi gastrointestinal temperature, T_sk skin temperature, W watt, WBSR whole body sweat rate

*p < 0.05