Table 1.
Strategies to improve the activity and stability of PGM-based catalysts.
| Design strategy | Targeting enhancement in | Selected examples |
|---|---|---|
| Alloy Pt with 3d transition metals, dealloyed core-shell catalysts | Activity | PtNi18,36,116, PtCo69 |
| Alloy Pt with lanthanides and rare earths | Activity (and stability) | Pt–Gd alloy19, Pt–Y alloys117 |
| Shaped alloy nanoparticles and nanostructures | Activity | oh-PtNi21–23,118, PtNi nanocage24, PtNi nanoframes26 |
| Ordered intermetallic nanoparticles | Activity (and stability) | Intermetallic L10–CoPt/Pt28 |
| Second coordination shell effects on Pt sites with optimized coordination | Activity | Defective Pt (111)31 |
| Intrinsic strained nanosheets | Activity | Ultrathin Pd nanosheets30 |
| Conformal ultrathin Pt shell | Stability | On oh-PtNi32, on carbides cores34, on PdxAu alloy119 |
| Surface decoration with Au clusters | Stability | On Pt NPs35 |
| Thermal annealing/leaching treatments | Stability (and activity) | PtCo NWs27, oh-PtNi38 |
| Surface doping | Stability (and activity) | Surface doped oh-PtNi with Mo23, Rh41 |
The main targeted performance to improve is indicated, together with selected examples, which are discussed in the text.