Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Total | Case patients | Controls | χ2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | p value | |
| Total | 295,815 | (100) | 59,307 | (20.05) | 236,508 | (79.95) | 0.510 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 114,732 | (38.79) | 23,039 | (38.85) | 91,693 | (38.77) | 0.730 |
| Female | 181,083 | (61.21) | 36,268 | (61.15) | 144,815 | (61.23) | |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 55.23 | (13.06) | 55.63 | (13.26) | 55.13 | (13.00) | |
| 19–29 | 7435 | (2.51) | 1500 | (2.53) | 5935 | (2.51) | < 0.001 |
| 30–39 | 26,426 | (8.93) | 5031 | (8.48) | 21,395 | (9.05) | |
| 40–49 | 65,489 | (22.14) | 12,825 | (21.62) | 52,664 | (22.27) | |
| 50–59 | 88,710 | (29.99) | 17,934 | (30.24) | 70,776 | (29.93) | |
| 60–69 | 63,352 | (21.42) | 12,537 | (21.14) | 50,815 | (21.49) | |
| 70–79 | 34,569 | (11.69) | 7119 | (12.00) | 27,450 | (11.61) | |
| ≥ 80 | 9834 | (3.32) | 2361 | (3.98) | 7473 | (3.16) | |
| Medication | |||||||
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | 382 | (0.13) | 227 | (0.38) | 155 | (0.07) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer immunotherapy | 70 | (0.02) | 62 | (0.10) | 8 | (0.00) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-tuberculosis medications | 462 | (0.16) | 204 | (0.34) | 258 | (0.11) | < 0.001 |
| Dobutamine | 287 | (0.10) | 197 | (0.33) | 90 | (0.04) | < 0.001 |
| Octreotide | 42 | (0.01) | 18 | (0.03) | 24 | (0.01) | < 0.001 |
| Interferon-α | 133 | (0.04) | 111 | (0.19) | 22 | (0.01) | < 0.001 |
| Amiodarone | 1613 | (0.55) | 1282 | (2.16) | 331 | (0.14) | < 0.001 |
| Azathioprine | 380 | (0.13) | 135 | (0.23) | 245 | (0.10) | < 0.001 |
| Mercaptopurine | 17 | (0.01) | 7 | (0.01) | 10 | (0.00) | 0.029 |
| Warfarin | 3015 | (1.02) | 1313 | (2.21) | 1702 | (0.72) | < 0.001 |
| Dopamine | 444 | (0.15) | 271 | (0.46) | 173 | (0.07) | < 0.001 |
| Metformin | 11,099 | (3.75) | 4016 | (6.77) | 7083 | (2.99) | < 0.001 |
| NSAIDs | 28,054 | (9.48) | 10,867 | (18.32) | 17,187 | (7.27) | < 0.001 |
| Acetaminophen | 10,961 | (3.71) | 5235 | (8.83) | 5726 | (2.42) | < 0.001 |
| Oxycodone | 1346 | (0.46) | 642 | (1.08) | 704 | (0.30) | < 0.001 |
| Colchicine | 438 | (0.15) | 166 | (0.28) | 272 | (0.12) | < 0.001 |
| Corticosteroid | 10,474 | (3.54) | 4437 | (7.48) | 6037 | (2.55) | < 0.001 |
| Disease | |||||||
| Panhypopituitarism | 42 | (0.01) | 25 | (0.04) | 17 | (0.01) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 1362 | (0.46) | 480 | (0.81) | 882 | (0.37) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2390 | (0.81) | 1221 | (2.06) | 1169 | (0.49) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1497 | (0.51) | 561 | (0.95) | 936 | (0.40) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5514 | (1.86) | 1793 | (3.02) | 3721 | (1.57) | < 0.001 |
| Dementia | 2440 | (0.82) | 632 | (1.07) | 1808 | (0.76) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 3021 | (1.02) | 1180 | (1.99) | 1841 | (0.78) | < 0.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 1710 | (0.58) | 597 | (1.01) | 1113 | (0.47) | < 0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 3134 | (1.06) | 1140 | (1.92) | 1994 | (0.84) | < 0.001 |
| Mild liver disease | 2840 | (0.96) | 1115 | (1.88) | 1725 | (0.73) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 12,413 | (4.20) | 4905 | (8.27) | 7508 | (3.17) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 7832 | (2.65) | 3199 | (5.39) | 4633 | (1.96) | < 0.001 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 292 | (0.10) | 147 | (0.25) | 145 | (0.06) | < 0.001 |
| Renal disease | 3637 | (1.23) | 1834 | (3.09) | 1803 | (0.76) | < 0.001 |
| Any malignancy | 13,631 | (4.61) | 6912 | (11.65) | 6719 | (2.84) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 225 | (0.08) | 124 | (0.21) | 101 | (0.04) | < 0.001 |
| Metastatic solid tumour | 1726 | (0.58) | 1259 | (2.12) | 467 | (0.20) | < 0.001 |
| AIDS/HIV | 67 | (0.02) | 25 | (0.04) | 42 | (0.02) | < 0.001 |
| CCI group | |||||||
| 0 | 264,455 | (89.4) | 45,957 | (77.49) | 218,498 | (92.39) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 8634 | (2.92) | 3010 | (5.08) | 5624 | (2.38) | |
| 2 | 15,722 | (5.31) | 6658 | (11.23) | 9064 | (3.83) | |
| > 3 | 7004 | (2.37) | 3682 | (6.21) | 3322 | (1.40) | |
SD Standard deviation, NSAIDs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, AIDS/HIV Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus, CCI Charlson comorbidity index.