Table 2.

Description of kinematic outcome measures.

Variable	General description	Operationalised definition
Swing onset time	Moment when the racquet first started moving towards the ball	The first timeframe in which forward motion of the VR hand controller was detected (expressed relative to ball contact frame)
Peak velocity of the hand	The highest speed that the hand reached when moving towards the ball	The maximum differential position of the VR hand controller shown between frames following swing onset (expressed in m/s)
Time of peak hand velocity	The moment when the hand reached its highest speed	The time at which Peak Velocity of the Hand occurred, relative to ball contact frame
Maximum hand displacement	The furthest distance that the hand deviated away from the body during the swing action	The maximum distance that occurred between the VR headset and hand controller in the transverse plane following swing onset (normalised by participant body height)
Swing range of motion	The total arc travelled around the body by the hand during the swing action	The total angular deviation (°) of the hand controller from the VR headset that occurred in the transverse plane following swing onset